Caracterización y comparación mecánica, física y química de tres tipos de cementos disponibles en el mercado regional del Bío-Bío
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Fecha
2016
Profesor/a Guía
Facultad/escuela
Idioma
es
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Licencia CC
Licencia CC
Resumen
El cemento consiste básicamente en una mezcla de dos materias primas: la caliza y arcilla, que cuando son mezclados en altas temperaturas y bajo condiciones adecuadas, se obtiene el material granular denominado clínquer; cuando este clínquer es molido, se debe adicionar yeso para regular el proceso de fraguado y obtener finalmente el cemento denominado Portland. Otros componentes pueden ser añadidos a este cemento, siendo puzolanas de origen natural y/o artificial las más utilizadas, porque modifican las propiedades del cemento y más tarde del hormigón.
El objetivo principal es correlacionar y comparar las propiedades de los hormigones en estado fresco y endurecido confeccionados con distintos tipos de cemento disponibles en la región del Biobío, dependiendo de su composición química, la que se determina mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido SEM-EDX. Como resultado de las diversas crisis que han ocurrido tanto en el país como a nivel mundial, la industria cementera ha tenido que innovar en el uso de materias primas o desechos en la composición de los cementos, como es el reemplazo de escoria de alto horno en la producción de cemento grado corriente por ceniza volante en el caso de cementos Bío Bío, lo que aporta diversos beneficios al cemento y posterior hormigón, como son: mejorar la trabajabilidad, reducir la exudación, reducir el calor de hidratación, entre otros. Al utilizar estos desechos, particularmente las cenizas volantes, que son producidos por las centrales termoeléctricas, se contribuye a la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero y elimina la necesidad de disponer de grandes territorios para los depósitos de ceniza.
En los resultados obtenidos se aprecia claramente una tendencia en los datos registrados de las resistencias a compresión de las probetas de hormigón, siendo éstas desde menor a mayor para cementos Polpaico, Bío Bío y BSA, lo que es principalmente logrado por las variaciones en abundancia de los óxidos identificados en los cementos; porque cada hormigón es fabricado con la misma dosificación, es decir; misma cantidad de agua, árido grueso, árido fino y cemento. Además, a partir de los resultados del ensayo bajo compresión es posible la confección de gráficos que representan la relación resistencia versus edad lograda por los hormigones, de las cuales se obtienen distintos tipos de curvas debido a la diversidad de clases de puzolanas utilizadas.
The cement basically consists of a mixture of two raw materials: the limestone and clay, which when mixed at high temperatures and under suitable conditions, the granular material called clinker is obtained; when this clinker is ground, gypsum should be added to regulate the setting process and finally get the cement called Portland. Other components may be added to this cement, pozzolans of natural and/or artificial origin being the most used, because they modify the properties of cement and concrete later. The main objective is to correlate and compare the properties of concrete in fresh and hardened state made with different types of cement available in the Biobio region, depending on their chemical composition, which is determined by scanning electron microscopy SEM-EDX. As a result of the various crises that have occurred both domestically and globally, the cement industry has had to innovate in the use of raw materials or waste in the composition of cements, as is the replacement of blast furnace slag in cement production current level by fly ash in the case of Cementos Bio Bio, which provides various benefits to cement and concrete post, such as: improve workability, reduce exudation, reduce the heat of hydration, among others. By using these wastes, particularly fly ash, which are produced by thermal power plants, it contributes to reducing greenhouse effect gases and eliminates the need for large areas for ash deposits. The results obtained clearly shows a trend in the data recorded on the compressive strength of concrete specimens, and these are from low to high, cement Polpaico, Bio Bio and BSA, which is mainly achieved by variations in abundance of the oxides identified in cements; because each concrete is manufactured with the same dosage, that is to say; same amount of water, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cement. Furthermore, from the test results under compression it is possible making graphs representing the relationship resistance versus age achieved by concrete, of which different types of curves are obtained due to the diversity of types of pozzolans used.
The cement basically consists of a mixture of two raw materials: the limestone and clay, which when mixed at high temperatures and under suitable conditions, the granular material called clinker is obtained; when this clinker is ground, gypsum should be added to regulate the setting process and finally get the cement called Portland. Other components may be added to this cement, pozzolans of natural and/or artificial origin being the most used, because they modify the properties of cement and concrete later. The main objective is to correlate and compare the properties of concrete in fresh and hardened state made with different types of cement available in the Biobio region, depending on their chemical composition, which is determined by scanning electron microscopy SEM-EDX. As a result of the various crises that have occurred both domestically and globally, the cement industry has had to innovate in the use of raw materials or waste in the composition of cements, as is the replacement of blast furnace slag in cement production current level by fly ash in the case of Cementos Bio Bio, which provides various benefits to cement and concrete post, such as: improve workability, reduce exudation, reduce the heat of hydration, among others. By using these wastes, particularly fly ash, which are produced by thermal power plants, it contributes to reducing greenhouse effect gases and eliminates the need for large areas for ash deposits. The results obtained clearly shows a trend in the data recorded on the compressive strength of concrete specimens, and these are from low to high, cement Polpaico, Bio Bio and BSA, which is mainly achieved by variations in abundance of the oxides identified in cements; because each concrete is manufactured with the same dosage, that is to say; same amount of water, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cement. Furthermore, from the test results under compression it is possible making graphs representing the relationship resistance versus age achieved by concrete, of which different types of curves are obtained due to the diversity of types of pozzolans used.
Notas
Tesis (Ingeniero Civil)
Palabras clave
Cemento, Análisis, Industria del Cemento