Heat island effect related ecosystem services on an urban setting Las Condes case study
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2018
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es
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Licencia CC
Resumen
El trabajo propone nuevas alternativas para la planificación urbana que consideren el valor e impacto de la infraestructura verde como servicio ecosistémico de regulación para la mitigación, en microclimas barriales de una gran ciudad, del efecto Isla de Calor Urbana (ICU) provocado por la acción antropogénica. Este problema ha sido escasamente estudiado en el país debido a que no se han usado las herramientas de simulación más adecuadas para cuantificar su incidencia en este nivel, que son las basadas en la dinámica computacional de fluidos (CFD).
Mediante revisión de la literatura, se eligió el software ENVI-met, un modelo computacional de pronóstico basado en las leyes fundamentales de la dinámica de fluidos y la termodinámica que trabaja a escala de microclima urbano, simulando las interacciones entre el aire y la superficie del entorno, por lo que resultó apto para modelar los escenarios deseados a partir de datos meteorológicos públicos y predecir el comportamiento de estos microclimas con y sin la presencia de vegetación, ya que es muy utilizado para evaluar los efectos de la introducción de arquitectura verde. Cuenta con una resolución horizontal típica de 0,5 a 5 metros y un marco de tiempo típico de 24 a 48 horas con un intervalo de tiempo de 1 a 5 segundos, lo que permite analizar interacciones a pequeña escala entre edificios, superficies y plantas individuales. El trabajo de modelación se efectuó sobre dos sectores con alta congestión de edificios, vehicular y de población flotante en la comuna de Las Condes, región metropolitana de Santiago. La comparación entre un cuadrante en el Barrio El Golf, con muy pocas áreas verdes, y otro en las inmediaciones del Parque Araucano, con fuerte presencia de vegetación, y la simulación de escenarios extremos en ambos casos permitió comprobar la existencia de diferencias significativas de temperatura – hasta 1ºC – generadas en distintos horarios por la presencia y/o ausencia de infraestructura verde, así como valorar positivamente el aporte que representa como servicio ecosistémico de regulación, permitiendo ahorros energéticos cercanos al 5% en los horarios de alta demanda de climatización.
Present work proposes new alternatives for urban planning that consider the value and impact of green infrastructure as a regulation ecosystem service in neighborhood microclimates on a large city, related to the Urban Heat Island Effect (ICU) caused by anthropogenic action. This is a problem scarcely studied in Chile because the most appropriate simulation tools have not been used to quantify their incidence at this neighborhood level, which are based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Through a review of the literature we identified and choose ENVI-met to perform our analyses. This is a computer software based on the fundamental laws of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics that works at the urban microclimate scale, simulating the interactions between the air and the surface of the environment. Thus, it was suitable to model the desired scenarios from publicly available meteorological data and to predict the behavior of these microclimates with and without the presence of vegetation, as it is widely used to evaluate the effects of the introduction of green architecture. It has a typical horizontal resolution of 0.5 to 5 meters and a typical time frame of 24 to 48 hours with a time interval of 1 to 5 seconds, which allows analyzing small-scale interactions between buildings, surfaces and individual plants. The modeling work was carried out on two neighborhoods with high building and vehicular congestion, and a large floating population in the municipality of Las Condes, in Santiago, Chile. We compared a quadrant in Barrio El Golf, with few green areas, to another one in the vicinity of Parque Araucano, with a strong presence of vegetation. We tested two extreme scenarios (current situation and no-vegetation scenario). Both cases allowed to verify the existence of significant differences in temperature - up to 1ºC - generated at different times due to the presence and/or absence of green infrastructure. Furthermore, we positively assess the contribution that vegetation provides as a temperature regulation ecosystem service, which allows energy savings of up to 5% at peak demand due to air conditioning.
Present work proposes new alternatives for urban planning that consider the value and impact of green infrastructure as a regulation ecosystem service in neighborhood microclimates on a large city, related to the Urban Heat Island Effect (ICU) caused by anthropogenic action. This is a problem scarcely studied in Chile because the most appropriate simulation tools have not been used to quantify their incidence at this neighborhood level, which are based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Through a review of the literature we identified and choose ENVI-met to perform our analyses. This is a computer software based on the fundamental laws of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics that works at the urban microclimate scale, simulating the interactions between the air and the surface of the environment. Thus, it was suitable to model the desired scenarios from publicly available meteorological data and to predict the behavior of these microclimates with and without the presence of vegetation, as it is widely used to evaluate the effects of the introduction of green architecture. It has a typical horizontal resolution of 0.5 to 5 meters and a typical time frame of 24 to 48 hours with a time interval of 1 to 5 seconds, which allows analyzing small-scale interactions between buildings, surfaces and individual plants. The modeling work was carried out on two neighborhoods with high building and vehicular congestion, and a large floating population in the municipality of Las Condes, in Santiago, Chile. We compared a quadrant in Barrio El Golf, with few green areas, to another one in the vicinity of Parque Araucano, with a strong presence of vegetation. We tested two extreme scenarios (current situation and no-vegetation scenario). Both cases allowed to verify the existence of significant differences in temperature - up to 1ºC - generated at different times due to the presence and/or absence of green infrastructure. Furthermore, we positively assess the contribution that vegetation provides as a temperature regulation ecosystem service, which allows energy savings of up to 5% at peak demand due to air conditioning.
Notas
Tesis (Ingeniero Civil)
Palabras clave
Isla de Calor Urbana, Planificación Urbana, Aspectos Ambientales, Chile, Las Condes, Dinámica de Fluidos Computacional