Cambio e institucionalización de la "nueva derecha" chilena (1967-2010)
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2014
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es
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Universidade Federal do Paraná
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Licencia CC
Resumen
En este artículo, analizamos las continuidades y cambios del partido más grande de Chile en número de votos y escaños: la Unión Demócrata Independiente (UDI); en un período que va desde sus inicios como movimiento universitario gremial a fines de los años sesenta hasta el año 2010, cuando la UDI deja de ser un partido de oposición para integrar la coalición de gobierno de centro-derecha, Alianza por Chile. Inspirándonos en la tipología de Mahoney y Thelen (2010), planteamos que la UDI conoció un proceso de cambio gradual que implicó una conservación y fortalecimiento en el tiempo de sus reglas y procedimientos rutinizados, no obstante reinterpretados por sucesivas generaciones de dirigentes. Conectamos este planteamiento con los aportes de la sociología de la institución de inspiración bourdiana, para mostrar que la institucionalización de la UDI resulta de una doble dinámica: el ajuste a un orden particular de habitus adaptados/adaptables, y la emergencia de procesos de desajuste/distanciamiento que se traducen por la aparición paulatina de oposiciones generacionales y posicionales, entre actores y grupos de actores quienes asignan objetivos distintos a su compromiso y al partido. Estudiamos esta doble dinámica siguiendo la evolución de la relación partidista inicial que adopta la forma de una "comunidad" (Weber) en "sociedad", tomando en cuenta los factores tanto exógenos como endógenos del cambio. Este trabajo, que descansa en diferentes tipos de fuentes (entrevistas biográficas con los máximos dirigentes de la UDI; encuesta sociográfica a delegados y archivos de prensa), aprehende así la institucionalización partidista como un proceso dinámico e interactivo, iniciado mucho antes del acta de nacimiento oficial del partido.
In this article, we analyze the continuities and changes of Chile's largest party in terms of both voters and seats: the Unión Demócrata Independiente (UDI). Our analysis takes into account the first steps of the UDI as a university student movement in the late 1960s and covers through 2010, when it ceased to be an opposition party and joined the Alianza por Chile center-right coalition government. Using Mahoney and Thelen's typology (2010), we show that the UDI underwent a process of incremental change, which implied the conservation and strengthening of rules and routinized procedures, however reinterpreted by successive generations of leaders. We connect the Mahoney and Thelen approach with the insights of sociology of institution, inspired by Pierre Bourdieu's theory, showing that UDI institutionalization results from a double dynamic: the adjustment to a particular order of adapted and adaptable habitus, but also the emergence of mismatch/detachment processes occurring over time and resulting in generational and positional oppositions between different groups of actors who assign distinctive goals to their engagement and to the party. We study this double dynamic, reconstructing the evolution from an initial partisan relation which takes the form of a "community" (Weber) to "society", taking into account both exogenous and endogenous factors. This work, which relies on several types of sources (biographic interviews with most of the UDI top leaders who were part of its founding core group; a sociographic survey applied to party delegates and press archives), thus apprehends party institutionalization as a dynamic and interactive process, which begins before party official birth.
In this article, we analyze the continuities and changes of Chile's largest party in terms of both voters and seats: the Unión Demócrata Independiente (UDI). Our analysis takes into account the first steps of the UDI as a university student movement in the late 1960s and covers through 2010, when it ceased to be an opposition party and joined the Alianza por Chile center-right coalition government. Using Mahoney and Thelen's typology (2010), we show that the UDI underwent a process of incremental change, which implied the conservation and strengthening of rules and routinized procedures, however reinterpreted by successive generations of leaders. We connect the Mahoney and Thelen approach with the insights of sociology of institution, inspired by Pierre Bourdieu's theory, showing that UDI institutionalization results from a double dynamic: the adjustment to a particular order of adapted and adaptable habitus, but also the emergence of mismatch/detachment processes occurring over time and resulting in generational and positional oppositions between different groups of actors who assign distinctive goals to their engagement and to the party. We study this double dynamic, reconstructing the evolution from an initial partisan relation which takes the form of a "community" (Weber) to "society", taking into account both exogenous and endogenous factors. This work, which relies on several types of sources (biographic interviews with most of the UDI top leaders who were part of its founding core group; a sociographic survey applied to party delegates and press archives), thus apprehends party institutionalization as a dynamic and interactive process, which begins before party official birth.
Notas
Indexación: Web of Science; Scielo.
Palabras clave
Derecha chilena, Sociología de las instituciones partidistas, Unión Demócrata Independiente, Institucionalización partidista, Cultura institucional
Citación
Rev. Sociol. Polit. vol.22 no.52 Curitiba Oct./Dec. 2014