Rasgos morfo-funcionales asociados a las adaptaciones de pulpos bentónicos a las profundidades marinas
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Fecha
2018
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Idioma
es
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Licencia CC
Licencia CC
Resumen
Adaptación es el proceso por el cual ocurre una modificación en un individuo con el
propósito de acomodarse a las condiciones del ambiente en respuesta a la selección
natural, este cambio puede estar relacionado a un caracter derivado. La diferencia entre
los rasgos de las especies que habitan en ambientes contrastantes podrían ser evidencia
de una evolución adaptativa, como en el caso de los pulpos bentónicos que viven en todos
los ambientes marinos y poseen una amplia distribución vertical, desde las zonas
intermareales a profundidades de hasta 3000 metros. Los géneros de pulpos con rasgos
específicos para habitar en las zonas profundas de los océanos son Bathypolypus,
Muusoctopus, Thaumeledone y Graneledone. Entre las diferencias características con
otros géneros (Octopus, Robsonella, Enteroctopus) se sugiere un mayor tamaño de los
ojos, reducción en el tamaño de las branquias y en el número de laminillas branquiales.
Sin embargo, las propuestas evolutivas de los pulpos traducidas en morfología aún no han
sido estudiadas a fondo y tampoco existe evaluación de una correlación morfológicofuncional en términos filogenéticos. Las especies modelo de estudio pertenecen a 5
familias de pulpos bentónicos de diferentes rangos batimétricos, de Chile, Nueva Zelanda
y la Antártica, de los cuales se utilizaron los genes mitocondriales para la reconstrucción
filogenética y mapeo de rasgos posiblemente adaptativos. Para extrapolar resultados de
diferencias evolutivas de los pulpos bentónicos de profundidad en relación a los pulpos
bentónicos de ambientes someros, se hizo una combinación del análisis filogenético de
los rasgos mediante el método comparativo filogenético, en contraste al análisis
restringiendo el efecto filogenético, para poner a prueba la hipótesis adaptativa. Las
condiciones específicas de las profundidades en términos de temperatura y oxígeno
estarían involucrados en la respuesta de los rasgos que presentan los géneros previamente
mencionados, lo que ha permitido a este grupo desarrollar características metabólicas de
supervivencia para extender sus hábitats hacia las profundidades marinas.
Adaptation is a process where a modification in an individual occurs to become fitted to its environment in response to natural selection, and this change can be related to a derived character. The difference between the traits of the species that inhabit contrasting environments could be interpreted as evidence of adaptive evolution as in the case of benthic octopuses that lives in all marine environments with a wide vertical distribution, from intertidal zones to depths of up to 3000 meters. The genera of octopuses with specific traits to dwell in the deep areas of the oceans are Bathypolypus, Muusoctopus, Thaumeledone and Graneledone. Larger eyes, reduction in the size of the gills and the number of gill lamellae are suggested as different characters in contrast to other genera (Robsonella, Octopus, Enteroctopus). However, the octopuses evolutionary proposals translated into morphology have not been studied thoroughly yet and there is no evaluation of a morpho-functional correlation in phylogenetic terms. Species studied belong to three families of benthic octopuses from different bathymetric ranges, from Chile, New Zealand and Antarctica. Mitochondrial genes were used for phylogenetic reconstruction and mapping of possibly adaptive traits. To extrapolate results of evolutionary differences in deep-living octopuses in relation to shallow-living octopuses, a combination of phylogenetic analysis of traits using the phylogenetic comparative method was made in contrast to analysis restricting the phylogenetic effect, in order to test the adaptive hypothesis. The specific conditions of marine depths in terms of temperature and oxygen would be involved in the response of the traits present in the genera previously mentioned, which have enabled this group to develop metabolic characteristics of survival for extending their habitats into the marine depths.
Adaptation is a process where a modification in an individual occurs to become fitted to its environment in response to natural selection, and this change can be related to a derived character. The difference between the traits of the species that inhabit contrasting environments could be interpreted as evidence of adaptive evolution as in the case of benthic octopuses that lives in all marine environments with a wide vertical distribution, from intertidal zones to depths of up to 3000 meters. The genera of octopuses with specific traits to dwell in the deep areas of the oceans are Bathypolypus, Muusoctopus, Thaumeledone and Graneledone. Larger eyes, reduction in the size of the gills and the number of gill lamellae are suggested as different characters in contrast to other genera (Robsonella, Octopus, Enteroctopus). However, the octopuses evolutionary proposals translated into morphology have not been studied thoroughly yet and there is no evaluation of a morpho-functional correlation in phylogenetic terms. Species studied belong to three families of benthic octopuses from different bathymetric ranges, from Chile, New Zealand and Antarctica. Mitochondrial genes were used for phylogenetic reconstruction and mapping of possibly adaptive traits. To extrapolate results of evolutionary differences in deep-living octopuses in relation to shallow-living octopuses, a combination of phylogenetic analysis of traits using the phylogenetic comparative method was made in contrast to analysis restricting the phylogenetic effect, in order to test the adaptive hypothesis. The specific conditions of marine depths in terms of temperature and oxygen would be involved in the response of the traits present in the genera previously mentioned, which have enabled this group to develop metabolic characteristics of survival for extending their habitats into the marine depths.
Notas
Tesis (Biólogo Marino)
Palabras clave
Pulpos, Investigaciones