Caracterización bioquímica de mutantes de trichoderma harzianun (cepa th-650) y evaluación de sus propiedades antagónicas contra los fitopatógenos del tomate : rhizoctonia solani, pyrenochaeta lycopersici y phytophthora nicotianae.
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Fecha
2008
Autores
Profesor/a Guía
Idioma
es
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
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Editor
Universidad Andrés Bello
Nombre de Curso
Licencia CC
Licencia CC
Resumen
El tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum) es una de las principales hortalizas cultivadas
en Chile. Su sistema radical es atacado principalmente por bacterias, nemátodos y hongos
fitopatógenos. Éstos son causantes de enfermedades que producen lesiones en los vástagos,
pudrición de las raíces, caída de las plántulas y la muerte del vegetal. Lo cual se traduce en
pérdidas económicas importantes para el país.
El Bromuro de metilo (CH3Br), es un biocida de amplio espectro, usado
principalmente en cultivos hortícolas. Sin embargo, actualmente este compuesto químico ha
sido prohibido en varios países de Europa, no sólo por destruir la capa de ozono, sino por
ser un importante agente contaminante del agua. Nuestro país se comprometió a eliminar su
uso para el año 2015, respetando las directrices del protocolo de Montreal. Es por esta
razón, que el desarrollo de alternativas que no tengan un impacto negativo en nuestro
medio ambiente, son necesarias.
Hongos del género Trichoderma utilizan diferentes mecamsmos para atacar a
distintos fitopatógenos y utilizarlos como fuentes de carbono, de los cuales sobresalen por
su efectividad el micoparasitismo y la antibiosis. Por esto, hongos de este género surgen
como una alternativa atractiva al uso de fungicidas químicos.
En nuestro laboratorio se ha estudiado una cepa silvestre (Th-650) de Trichoderma
harzianum, que es capaz de biocontrolar parcialmente en campo e in vitro a patógenos del
tomate tales como: Rhizoctonia solani, Pyrenochaeta lycopersici y Phytophthora
nicotianae. Para mejorar las capacidades biocontroladoras de la cepa Th-650, éste fue...
The tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is one ofthe main vegetable crops cultivated in Chile. Their root system is mainly attacked by bacteria, nematodes and phytopathogens fungi. These attacks cause diseases that produce injuries in the piston rods, root rot, fall of seedlings and the death of the vegetable, thus resulting in important economic losses for the country. Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a wide-spectrum biocide used to control phytopathogen attack in numerous horticulture crops. Nevertheless, at the present moment, the use of this chemical compound has been prohibited in several European countries, because it causes destruction ofthe ozone layer and pollution ofwater. Our country is committed to eliminate its use by 2015, according to the directions of the Montreal protocol. Therefore, the development of altematives for the control of phytopathogens without a negative impact on our environment, is necessary. Fungi of the Trichoderma genus use a variety of mechanisms to attack different phytopathogens and to use them as carbon sources. Among these biocontrol mechanisms, the most effective appear to be mycoparasitism and antibiosis. For these reasons, fungi of this genus are an attractive altemative to the use of chemical fungicides. We have studied a wild strain (Th-650) of Trichoderma harzianum, to able of partially biocontrols, in field and in vitro, tomato pathogens such as: Rhizoctonia solani, Pyrenochaeta lycopersici and Phytophthora nicotianae. In order to improve their biological control properties, Th-650 was muted using N-metyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Twe1ve
The tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is one ofthe main vegetable crops cultivated in Chile. Their root system is mainly attacked by bacteria, nematodes and phytopathogens fungi. These attacks cause diseases that produce injuries in the piston rods, root rot, fall of seedlings and the death of the vegetable, thus resulting in important economic losses for the country. Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a wide-spectrum biocide used to control phytopathogen attack in numerous horticulture crops. Nevertheless, at the present moment, the use of this chemical compound has been prohibited in several European countries, because it causes destruction ofthe ozone layer and pollution ofwater. Our country is committed to eliminate its use by 2015, according to the directions of the Montreal protocol. Therefore, the development of altematives for the control of phytopathogens without a negative impact on our environment, is necessary. Fungi of the Trichoderma genus use a variety of mechanisms to attack different phytopathogens and to use them as carbon sources. Among these biocontrol mechanisms, the most effective appear to be mycoparasitism and antibiosis. For these reasons, fungi of this genus are an attractive altemative to the use of chemical fungicides. We have studied a wild strain (Th-650) of Trichoderma harzianum, to able of partially biocontrols, in field and in vitro, tomato pathogens such as: Rhizoctonia solani, Pyrenochaeta lycopersici and Phytophthora nicotianae. In order to improve their biological control properties, Th-650 was muted using N-metyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Twe1ve
Notas
Tesis (Magíster en Bioquímica)
Palabras clave
Tomates -- Enfermedades y Plagas.