Influencia del tamaƱo de la colonia sobre rasgos de historia de vida de la gaviota Garuma (Leucophaes Modestus) en el desierto de Atacama
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2018
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es
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Universidad AndrƩs Bello
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Todos los organismos durante su ciclo de vida, poseen estrategias de vida, como la supervivencia, el crecimiento y la reproducciĆ³n. La forma en la cual los recursos y la energĆa se reparten entre estas tres actividades se conoce como estrategias de āhistoria de vida que han sido moldeadas por selecciĆ³n natural. La influencia del tamaƱo de la colonia sobre los parĆ”metros reproductivos y de historia de vida en las aves marinas se origina en el hecho de que los sitios reproductivos (islas, islotes, Ć”reas libres depredadores) son habitualmente escasos.Esto hace que las aves deban congregarse en espacios limitados para nidificar y la colonia a medida que crece en tamaƱo, aumenta el rango de alimentaciĆ³n y disminuye el Ć©xito reproductivo, ademĆ”s producto del espacio limitado hay una regulaciĆ³n denso dependiente de los caracteres de historia de vida. La mayorĆa de las aves marinas se reproducen en colonia, esta se define como un conjunto de individuos (habitualmente de la misma especie) que se agregan con fines de crianza, en espacios reducidos y densamente agregados. La gaviota garuma (Leucophaeus modestus) especie que al igual que la mayorĆa de las gaviotas se alimenta en la costa, tiene la particularidad de anidar exclusivamente al interior del Desierto de Atacama a distancias de hasta 100 km de la costa mĆ”s cercana.La estrategia Ćŗnica de L. modestus de nidificar en el desierto de Atacama, presenta una oportunidad para poner a prueba de que manera tal como ocurre en aves marinas clĆ”sicas, el tamaƱo de la colonia es un factor relevante en influir sobre determinados rasgos de historia de vida. La hipĆ³tesis planteada en este estudio fue: En el contexto de la nidificaciĆ³n en el Desierto de Atacama, donde el espacio no es un factor limitante, el tamaƱo de la colonia no influye en los rasgos de historia de vida de la gaviota garuma (Leucophaeus modestus). Los objetivos del presente estudios fueron (a) Determinar el tamaƱo, volumen de los huevos y tamaƱo de la nidada en dos colonias, (b) Determinar la distancia entre nidos en dos colonias, (c) Calcular la densidad de nidos en dos colonias, (d) Comparar los rasgos de historia de vida (tamaƱo del huevo, tamaƱo de la nidada, distancia y densidad de nidos) entre estas dos colonias de nidificaciĆ³n (Cerro Plomo y Cerro Chanchito), con diferentes Ć”reas y tamaƱo poblacional. Los resultados muestran que el tamaƱo de la colonia no influye sobre los rasgos de historia de vida, ya que, en aves marinas clĆ”sicas, donde el sitio de nidificaciĆ³n es de menor tamaƱo, la competencia por espacio y alimentaciĆ³n es mayor, las enfermedades son altas, este tipo de respuestas es diferente en colonias deL. modestusque anidan en el desierto donde el espacio no es un recurso limitante, por ende sus respuestas de nidificaciĆ³n presentarĆa un espacio de nidos mayor, aumento tamaƱo de nidada, tamaƱo de huevo mayor y una densidad menor. Es posible seƱalar que la mayorĆa de las predicciones de la hipĆ³tesis encontraron sustento que la nidificaciĆ³n de la garuma en el desierto difiere de las otras gaviotas que anidan en la costa, principalmente en la manera que el tamaƱo de la colonia afecta a diferentes rasgos de historia de vida. Presentados todos los antecedentes podemos decir que L. modestus no se comporta como un ave marina āclĆ”sicaā, ya que su espacio de nidificaciĆ³n es mĆ”s amplio, presenta un Ć”rea mayor en comparaciĆ³n con las otras aves marinas que nidifican cerca de la costa.
All organisms during their life cycle have life strategies, such as survival, growth and reproduction. The way in which resources and energy are shared among these three activities is known as "life story" strategies that have been shaped by natural selection.The influence of colony size on reproductive parameters and the history of life in seabirds originate from the fact that reproductive sites (islands, islets, predator-free areas) this causes birds to congregate in spaces limited to nest. The colony as it grows in size, increases the range of feeding and decreases reproductive success, as well as product of limited space, does not depend on the dependence of the characters of the history of life. Most of the seabirds reproduce in colonies; this is defined as a set of individuals that are added for breeding purposes, in small and densely aggregated spaces.The gray gull (Leucophaeus modestus) species that like most of the seagulls feed on the coast has the peculiarity of nesting inside the Atacama Desert at distances of up to 100 km from the nearest coast.The unique strategy of L. modestus to nest in the Atacama Desert presents an opportunity to test such a way that occurs in classic seabirds, the size of the colony is a relevant factor in influencing certain features of the history of life.The hypothesis proposed in this study was: In the context of nesting in the Atacama Desert, where space is not a limiting factor, the size of the colony does not influence the features of the life history of the gray gull (Leucophaeus modestus) The objectives of the present study were (a) To determine the size, volume of the eggs and size of the nest in two colonies, (b) To determine the distance between two colonies, (c) To calculate the density of nests in two colonies, (d) Compare the features of life history (egg size, nest size, distance and density of nests) between these two nesting colonies (Cerro Plomo and Cerro Chanchito), with different areas and population size.The results show that the size of the colony does not influence the features of the history of life, since, in classic seabirds, where the nesting site is smaller, competition for space and food is greater, the diseases are high, this type of response is different in colonies of L. modestus that nest in the desert where space is not a limiting resource, therefore their nesting responses have a larger nest space, increase clutch size, larger egg size and a lower density. It is possible to point out that most of the predictions of the hypothesis found that the nesting of the garuma in the desert differs from the other seagulls that nest on the coast, mainly in the way that the size of the colony affects different features of the life story. We present all the cases that we can say that L. modestus does not behave like a "classic" sports port, since its nesting space is wider; it has a bigger area in comparison with the other avenues that mark near the coast.
All organisms during their life cycle have life strategies, such as survival, growth and reproduction. The way in which resources and energy are shared among these three activities is known as "life story" strategies that have been shaped by natural selection.The influence of colony size on reproductive parameters and the history of life in seabirds originate from the fact that reproductive sites (islands, islets, predator-free areas) this causes birds to congregate in spaces limited to nest. The colony as it grows in size, increases the range of feeding and decreases reproductive success, as well as product of limited space, does not depend on the dependence of the characters of the history of life. Most of the seabirds reproduce in colonies; this is defined as a set of individuals that are added for breeding purposes, in small and densely aggregated spaces.The gray gull (Leucophaeus modestus) species that like most of the seagulls feed on the coast has the peculiarity of nesting inside the Atacama Desert at distances of up to 100 km from the nearest coast.The unique strategy of L. modestus to nest in the Atacama Desert presents an opportunity to test such a way that occurs in classic seabirds, the size of the colony is a relevant factor in influencing certain features of the history of life.The hypothesis proposed in this study was: In the context of nesting in the Atacama Desert, where space is not a limiting factor, the size of the colony does not influence the features of the life history of the gray gull (Leucophaeus modestus) The objectives of the present study were (a) To determine the size, volume of the eggs and size of the nest in two colonies, (b) To determine the distance between two colonies, (c) To calculate the density of nests in two colonies, (d) Compare the features of life history (egg size, nest size, distance and density of nests) between these two nesting colonies (Cerro Plomo and Cerro Chanchito), with different areas and population size.The results show that the size of the colony does not influence the features of the history of life, since, in classic seabirds, where the nesting site is smaller, competition for space and food is greater, the diseases are high, this type of response is different in colonies of L. modestus that nest in the desert where space is not a limiting resource, therefore their nesting responses have a larger nest space, increase clutch size, larger egg size and a lower density. It is possible to point out that most of the predictions of the hypothesis found that the nesting of the garuma in the desert differs from the other seagulls that nest on the coast, mainly in the way that the size of the colony affects different features of the life story. We present all the cases that we can say that L. modestus does not behave like a "classic" sports port, since its nesting space is wider; it has a bigger area in comparison with the other avenues that mark near the coast.
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Tesis (BiĆ³logo Marino)
Palabras clave
Aves Marinas, Investigaciones, Gaviotas, Chile, Atacama