Propuesta para el control de avance en excavaciones basado en fotografías digitales y uso de UAV
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Fecha
2019
Autores
Profesor/a Guía
Facultad/escuela
Idioma
es
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Licencia CC
Licencia CC
Resumen
Dentro de las metodologías actuales para realizar control de avance en
excavaciones, la más común de ellas es a través del conteo de camiones (CC).
La estimación de volúmenes se realiza mediante una ficha de anotaciones a
medida que los camiones entren y/o salgan de la obra. Esto no es
necesariamente realizado por un profesional a cargo o alguien especializado.
Esto repercute en un escaso control sobre el avance real y documentación de
estas obras, poca precisión en los cálculos de volúmenes y una desestimación
de la variable temporal para realizar dichos controles.
Otra metodología, menos usada que CC, es el Control Topográfico (TOPO)
realizado por profesionales en la obra. Las mediciones de los puntos se realizan
en los lugares donde se haya extraído material y se contrastan con los valores
obtenidos de mediciones anteriores para obtener las cubicaciones de volumen
extraído. Los datos obtenidos son documentados en planillas de avance y
pueden ser más precisos dependiendo del tipo de control o procedimiento que se
realicen con esta metodología, controles temporales o continuos y
procedimientos aproximados o detallados, lo que repercute directamente con el
tiempo empleado en la obtención de ellos.
En este estudio se propone una metodología que permite mejorar el control y
documentación en obras de excavación, logrando una mayor precisión en la
estimación y cálculo de los de volúmenes, además de darle mayor relevancia al
tiempo que lleva realizar este proceso. Esto a través del sobrevuelo en terreno
de un vehículo aéreo no tripulado (UAV) equipado con una cámara fotográfica y
un GPS para obtener fotografías georreferenciadas. Con estas fotografías se
realiza un procesamiento para obtener un modelo 3D, el cual permite calcular el
volumen de una excavación y una mejor estimación de los posibles errores o
correcciones.
El resultado de este trabajo es una metodología de captura y procesamiento de
las fotografías que permite conocer las configuraciones necesarias (como altura
de vuelo, nivel de traslape de las fotografías, tipos de vuelo, etc.) para realizar de
mejor manera la aplicación de fotogrametría y el cálculo de volumen excavado.
Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron para los vuelos con doble grilla y ángulos
de cámara entre 80º y 70º manteniendo una altura de vuelo de 30 m (con una
posición de cámara fija y un traslape de entre 60 y 80%). Estos vuelos logran una
precisión de ±3% en el cálculo de volúmenes y permiten hacer correcciones
debido a las obstrucciones por camiones o equipos de maquinaria para los
modelos 3D.
Within the current methodologies to perform progress control in excavations, the most common is truck counting (CC). The estimation of volumes is done through a record of annotations as the trucks enter and/or leave the construction site. This is not necessarily done by a professional in charge or someone specialized. The latter leads to a poor control over the actual progress and documentation of these works, poor precision in volume calculations and a rejection of the time variable to perform these controls. Another methodology, less used than CC, is Topographic Control (TOPO) performed by professionals at the construction site. The measurements of the points are made in the places where material has been extracted and they are contrasted with the values obtained from previous measurements to obtain the volumes extracted. The data obtained is documented in progress sheets and may be more precise depending on the type of control or procedure performed with this methodology, temporary or continuous controls and approximate or detailed procedures, which directly affects the time taken to obtain it. In this study a methodology is proposed, which allows to improve the control and documentation in excavation works, achieving a greater precision in the estimation and calculation of volumes, in addition to giving greater relevance to the time it takes to perform such process. This is done through the site-overflight of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a camera and GPS, to obtain georeferenced photographs. The latter processing of such photographs renders a 3D model of the site, which allows the calculation of the volume of an excavation and a better estimation of the possible errors or corrections. The result of this work is a methodology for capturing and processing photographs which allows us to know the necessary configurations (such as height of flight, level of overlap of photographs, types of flight, etc.) to better perform the application of photogrammetry and the calculation of excavated volume. The best results were obtained for flights with double grid and camera angles between 80º and 70º maintaining a flight height of 30 m (with a fixed camera position and an overlap of between 60 and 80%). These flights achieve an accuracy of ± 3% in the calculation of volumes and allow corrections due to obstructions by trucks or machinery equipment for 3D models.
Within the current methodologies to perform progress control in excavations, the most common is truck counting (CC). The estimation of volumes is done through a record of annotations as the trucks enter and/or leave the construction site. This is not necessarily done by a professional in charge or someone specialized. The latter leads to a poor control over the actual progress and documentation of these works, poor precision in volume calculations and a rejection of the time variable to perform these controls. Another methodology, less used than CC, is Topographic Control (TOPO) performed by professionals at the construction site. The measurements of the points are made in the places where material has been extracted and they are contrasted with the values obtained from previous measurements to obtain the volumes extracted. The data obtained is documented in progress sheets and may be more precise depending on the type of control or procedure performed with this methodology, temporary or continuous controls and approximate or detailed procedures, which directly affects the time taken to obtain it. In this study a methodology is proposed, which allows to improve the control and documentation in excavation works, achieving a greater precision in the estimation and calculation of volumes, in addition to giving greater relevance to the time it takes to perform such process. This is done through the site-overflight of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a camera and GPS, to obtain georeferenced photographs. The latter processing of such photographs renders a 3D model of the site, which allows the calculation of the volume of an excavation and a better estimation of the possible errors or corrections. The result of this work is a methodology for capturing and processing photographs which allows us to know the necessary configurations (such as height of flight, level of overlap of photographs, types of flight, etc.) to better perform the application of photogrammetry and the calculation of excavated volume. The best results were obtained for flights with double grid and camera angles between 80º and 70º maintaining a flight height of 30 m (with a fixed camera position and an overlap of between 60 and 80%). These flights achieve an accuracy of ± 3% in the calculation of volumes and allow corrections due to obstructions by trucks or machinery equipment for 3D models.
Notas
Tesis (Ingeniero Civil)
Palabras clave
Excavaciones, Control de Procesos, Aerofotogrametría