Análisis técnico y económico de utlización de residuos mineros como material de construcción
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2019
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es
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Resumen
La presente memoria de título tiene como objetivo principal el análisis técnico y económico, para ver la rentabilidad o no de la utilización de residuos mineros para crear materiales de construcción, pasando de tener un pasivo medioambiental a un activo industrial, mitigando el impacto que tienen los relaves y la minería en general.
El relave en estudio es “Planta El Arenal”, perteneciente a una planta de pequeña minería de la empresa SERPROMIN S.A., ubicada en la Quinta región, específicamente en la Comuna de Putaendo. Este almacena un volumen de cerca de 600.000 toneladas de residuos, proveniente del proceso de flotación. Este relave se encuentra cerrado debido a que infringió el D.S. N°248 del Ministerio de Minería, ya que, se removieron residuos sin la previa autorización del Sernageomin, quien es el ente regulador.
Se estudiaron todos sus componentes, y se determinó, respecto a los máximos permisibles de contaminantes del Ministerio de Salud en el D.S. N°148, que mantenía algunos metales pesados en exceso, que son los siguientes: Arsénico (0,69 mg/kg), Mercurio (4,7 mg/kg), Plomo (38,9 mg/kg), Bario (111 mg/kg) y Selenio (8,9 mg/kg).
Se buscaron mercados y se estableció contacto con Cementos Melón S.A. quienes analizaron las muestras enviadas, con el fin de crear cemento, lo que no pudo ser posible, ya que ellos poseen otros parámetros de máximos permisibles. El otro mercado es crear materiales de construcción y comercializarlos por cuenta propia, creando Ladrillos de relave y cámaras sanitarias de uso totalmente subterráneo. El gran problema entonces son los metales pesados que contienen los residuos mineros.
Con estos antecedentes se buscaron diferentes fórmulas para poder mitigar estos metales y se encontraron como posibles soluciones, la Dilución y la Micro cristalización.
El proceso de dilución consiste en mezclar el relave con Caliza para llegar así al cumplimiento de la norma del MINSAL y crear materias primas como el cemento. El proceso de micro cristalización se utilizó para poder crear materiales de construcción, como ladrillos y cámaras sanitarias, encapsulando los metales pesados, estableciendo condiciones de estabilización de los metales pesados con el cemento andino, que se caracteriza por poseer el silicato di y tri cálcico, este componente del cemento logra micro cristalizar a los metales pesados presentes en el relave.
Luego se hicieron análisis físicos y químicos a nuestro relave siguiendo las
normas NCh 1517, NCh166.Of52, NCh 2257/3.Of 96. y NCh 158.Of67, para ver la posibilidad de crear ladrillos y cámaras sanitarias con estos, y con los resultados se llegó a la conclusión de que al sustituir relave por arena se crean, incluso, morteros de mayor resistencia que uno con cemento y arena. Logrando así una factibilidad técnica en la creación de materiales de construcción.
Para saber que era más factible, se hizo un análisis económico de cada una de las opciones, en donde una de las alternativas, correspondiente a la dilución de sustancias, obtuvo un VAN negativo, esto debido a la economía de escala, ya que, el volumen de nuestro relave no alcanza a pagar los costos asociados a este proceso.
Como no hay registros anteriores de la propuesta de ladrillos y cámaras sanitarias con relaves, se hizo un benchmarking para su análisis económico, estableciendo un parámetro de precios que fácilmente pueden ser reducidos al utilizar el desecho minero en estudio, ya que, al menos en esta instancia la materia prima (relave) no tiene costo alguno. Por lo que la micro cristalización es la opción económicamente rentable para crear materiales de construcción.
Finalmente, como Ingenieros Civil en Minas, proponemos tomar este análisis y ponerlo en práctica, y que las mineras entreguen sus relaves a estudio. Además de que empresas constructoras se interioricen en el tema, para así mitigar el daño al medio ambiente que produce la minería con estos grandes pasivos ambientales, que con nuestra memoria de título buscamos eliminar, siendo así un aporte para que la minería encuentre sostenibilidad.
The present memory of title takes as a principal aim the technical and economic analysis, to see if it is profitable or not the utilization of mining residues to create materials of construction, happening of having an environmental liability to an industrial asset, mitigating the impact that they have re-wash them and the mining industry in general. Re-wash in study it is "Planta El Arenal ", belonging to a plant of small mining industry of the company SERPROMIN S.A., located in the Fifth region, specifically in Putaendo's Commune. This one stores a volume closely of 600.000 tons of residues, from the process of flotation. Re-wash this one he is closed due to the fact that it infringed the D.S. N°248 of the Department of Mining industry, since they removed the residues without the previous authorization of the Sernageomin, regulatory entity. All his components were studied, and it decided, with regard to the permissable maximums of pollutants of the Department of Health in the D.S. N°148, that was supporting some metals weighed in excess, which are the following ones: Arsenic (0,69 mg/kg), Mercury (4,7 mg/kg), Lead (38,9 mg/kg), Barium (111 mg/kg) and Selenium (8,9 mg/kg). Markets were looked and contact established with Cements Melon S.A. who analyzed the sent samples, in order to create cement, which could not be possible, since they possess other parameters of permissable maximums. Another market was of creating materials of construction and to commercialize them freelance, creating Bricks of re-wash and sanitary chambers of totally underground use. The great problem at the time they are the heavy metals that contain the mining residues. With these precedents different formulae were looked to be able to mitigate these metals and the Dilution and the Micro was crystallization. The process of dilution consists of mixing re-wash with Limestone to come this way to the fulfillment of the norm of the MINSAL and to create raw materials as the cement. The process of mike crystallization was in use for being able materials of construction like bricks and sanitary chambers, encasing the heavy metals establishing conditions of stabilization of the metals weighed with the Andean cement, which is characterized for possessing the silicate I gave and tri calcic, this component of the cement achieves mike to crystallize to the heavy present metals in re-wash. Physical and chemical analyses were then performed on our tailings according to NCh 1517, NCh166.Of52, NCh 2257/3.Of 96. and NCh 158.Of67, to see the possibility of creating bricks and sanitary chambers with these, and with the results it was concluded that by replacing relay with sand they are created, even mortars of greater resistance than one with cement and sand. Thus achieving a technical feasibility in the creation of building materials. To know that it was more feasible, an economic analysis was made of each of the options, where one of the alternatives, corresponding to the dilution of substances, obtained a very negative NPV, this because of the economy of scale, because the volume of our tailings does not pay the costs associated with this process. Since there are no previous records of the proposal of bricks and sanitary chambers with tailings, a benchmarking was made for its economic analysis, establishing a price parameter that can easily be reduced when using the mining waste under study, since at least in this instance the raw material (tailings) has no cost. So micro crystallization is the economically profitable option for creating building materials. Finally, as Civil Engineers in Mines, we propose to take this analysis and put it into practice, and that the mining companies give their tailings to study. In addition to the fact that construction companies are internalized in the topic, in order to mitigate the damage to the environment produced by mining with these large environmental liabilities, which with our title memory we seek to eliminate, thus contributing to the sustainability of mining.
The present memory of title takes as a principal aim the technical and economic analysis, to see if it is profitable or not the utilization of mining residues to create materials of construction, happening of having an environmental liability to an industrial asset, mitigating the impact that they have re-wash them and the mining industry in general. Re-wash in study it is "Planta El Arenal ", belonging to a plant of small mining industry of the company SERPROMIN S.A., located in the Fifth region, specifically in Putaendo's Commune. This one stores a volume closely of 600.000 tons of residues, from the process of flotation. Re-wash this one he is closed due to the fact that it infringed the D.S. N°248 of the Department of Mining industry, since they removed the residues without the previous authorization of the Sernageomin, regulatory entity. All his components were studied, and it decided, with regard to the permissable maximums of pollutants of the Department of Health in the D.S. N°148, that was supporting some metals weighed in excess, which are the following ones: Arsenic (0,69 mg/kg), Mercury (4,7 mg/kg), Lead (38,9 mg/kg), Barium (111 mg/kg) and Selenium (8,9 mg/kg). Markets were looked and contact established with Cements Melon S.A. who analyzed the sent samples, in order to create cement, which could not be possible, since they possess other parameters of permissable maximums. Another market was of creating materials of construction and to commercialize them freelance, creating Bricks of re-wash and sanitary chambers of totally underground use. The great problem at the time they are the heavy metals that contain the mining residues. With these precedents different formulae were looked to be able to mitigate these metals and the Dilution and the Micro was crystallization. The process of dilution consists of mixing re-wash with Limestone to come this way to the fulfillment of the norm of the MINSAL and to create raw materials as the cement. The process of mike crystallization was in use for being able materials of construction like bricks and sanitary chambers, encasing the heavy metals establishing conditions of stabilization of the metals weighed with the Andean cement, which is characterized for possessing the silicate I gave and tri calcic, this component of the cement achieves mike to crystallize to the heavy present metals in re-wash. Physical and chemical analyses were then performed on our tailings according to NCh 1517, NCh166.Of52, NCh 2257/3.Of 96. and NCh 158.Of67, to see the possibility of creating bricks and sanitary chambers with these, and with the results it was concluded that by replacing relay with sand they are created, even mortars of greater resistance than one with cement and sand. Thus achieving a technical feasibility in the creation of building materials. To know that it was more feasible, an economic analysis was made of each of the options, where one of the alternatives, corresponding to the dilution of substances, obtained a very negative NPV, this because of the economy of scale, because the volume of our tailings does not pay the costs associated with this process. Since there are no previous records of the proposal of bricks and sanitary chambers with tailings, a benchmarking was made for its economic analysis, establishing a price parameter that can easily be reduced when using the mining waste under study, since at least in this instance the raw material (tailings) has no cost. So micro crystallization is the economically profitable option for creating building materials. Finally, as Civil Engineers in Mines, we propose to take this analysis and put it into practice, and that the mining companies give their tailings to study. In addition to the fact that construction companies are internalized in the topic, in order to mitigate the damage to the environment produced by mining with these large environmental liabilities, which with our title memory we seek to eliminate, thus contributing to the sustainability of mining.
Notas
Tesis (Ingeniero Civil en Minas)
Palabras clave
Industria Minera, Eliminación de Desechos, Residuos Mineros, Materiales de Construcción, Aspectos Económicos