Examinando por Autor "James, Timothy Y."

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    Disentangling host, pathogen, and environmental determinants of a recently emerged wildlife disease: Lessons from the first 15 years of amphibian chytridiomycosis research
    (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2015-09) James, Timothy Y.; Toledo, L. Felipe; Rödder, Dennis; da Silva Leit, Domingos; Belasen, Anat M.; Betancourt-Román, Clarisse M.; Jenkinson, Thomas S.; Soto-Azat, Claudio; Lambertini, Carolina; Longo, Ana V.; Ruggeri, Joice; Collins, James P.; Burrowes, Patricia A.; Lips, Karen R.; Zamudio, Kelly R.; Longcore, Joyce E.
    The amphibian fungal disease chytridiomycosis, which affects species across all continents, recently emerged as one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. Yet, many aspects of the basic biology and epidemiology of the pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), are still unknown, such as when and from where did Bd emerge and what is its true ecological niche? Here, we review the ecology and evolution of Bd in the Americas and highlight controversies that make this disease so enigmatic. We explore factors associated with variance in severity of epizootics focusing on the disease triangle of host susceptibility, pathogen virulence, and environment. Reevaluating the causes of the panzootic is timely given the wealth of data on Bd prevalence across hosts and communities and the recent discoveries suggesting co-evolutionary potential of hosts and Bd. We generate a new species distribution model for Bd in the Americas based on over 30,000 records and suggest a novel future research agenda. Instead of focusing on pathogen "hot spots," we need to identify pathogen "cold spots" so that we can better understand what limits the pathogen's distribution. Finally, we introduce the concept of "the Ghost of Epizootics Past" to discuss expected patterns in postepizootic host communities. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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    Recent Asian origin of chytrid fungi causing global amphibian declines
    (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2018-05) O’Hanlon, Simon J.; Rieux, Adrien; Farrer, Rhys A.; Rosa, Gonçalo M.; Waldman, Bruce; Bataille, Arnaud; Kosch, Tiffany A.; Murray, Kris A.; Brankovics, Balázs; Fumagalli, Matteo; Martin, Michael D.; Wales, Nathan; Alvarado-Rybak, Mario; Bates, Kieran A.; Berger, Lee; Böll, Susanne; Brookes, Lola; Clare, Frances; Courtois, Elodie A.; Cunningham, Andrew A.; Doherty-Bone, Thomas M.; Ghosh, Pria; Gower, David J.; Hintz, William E.; Höglund, Jacob; Jenkinson, Thomas S.; Lin, Chun-Fu; Laurila, Anssi; Loyau, Adeline; Martel, An; Meurling, Sara; Miaud, Claude; Minting, Pete; Pasmans, Frank; Schmeller, Dirk S.; Schmidt, Benedikt R.; Shelton, Jennifer M. G.; Skerratt, Lee F.; Smith, Freya; Soto-Azat, Claudio; Spagnoletti, Matteo; Tessa, Giulia; Toledo, Luís Felipe; Valenzuela-Sánchez, Andrés; Verster, Ruhan; Vörös, Judit; Webb, Rebecca J.; Wierzbicki, Claudia; Wombwell, Emma; Zamudio, Kelly R.; Aanensen, David M.; James, Timothy Y.; Thomas P. Gilbert M.; Weldon, Ché; ;Bosch, Jaime; Balloux, François; Garner, Trenton W. J.; Fisher, Matthew C.
    Globalized infectious diseases are causing species declines worldwide, but their source often remains elusive. We used whole-genome sequencing to solve the spatiotemporal origins of the most devastating panzootic to date, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a proximate driver of global amphibian declines. We traced the source of B. dendrobatidis to the Korean peninsula, where one lineage, BdASIA-1, exhibits the genetic hallmarks of an ancestral population that seeded the panzootic. We date the emergence of this pathogen to the early 20th century, coinciding with the global expansion of commercial trade in amphibians, and we show that intercontinental transmission is ongoing. Our findings point to East Asia as a geographic hotspot for B. dendrobatidis biodiversity and the original source of these lineages that now parasitize amphibians worldwide. © 2017 The Authors.