Examinando por Autor "Valenzuela, C."
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Ítem Efficacy of Multivalent, Cochleate-Based Vaccine against Salmonella Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium in Laying Hens(MDPI, 2022-02) Sáenz, L.; Guzmán, M.; Vidal, S.; Caruffo, M.; Siel, D.; Zayas, C.; Paredes, R.; Valenzuela, C.; Hidalgo, H.; Pérez, O.; Lapierre, L.Salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen. Commercial poultry are the main reservoirs of Salmonella enterica, leading to the contamination of food and outbreaks in humans. The vaccination of chickens is one of the most important strategies to reduce the number of Salmonella in poultry farms. Unfortunately, commercial vaccines have not been fully effective in controlling the spread and do not contain all the Salmonella serovars that circulate on farms. In this study, we evaluate a new, cochleate-based, trivalent injectable vaccine against S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis, describing the vaccine security, capacity to induce specific anti-Salmonella serovar IgY and the gene expression of immune markers related to CD4 and CD8 T-cell-mediated immunity. Efficacy was evaluated through oral challenges performed separately for each Salmonella serotype. The efficacy and safety of the trivalent vaccine was proven under controlled conditions. The vaccine has no local or systemic reactions or adverse effects on poultry performance related to the vaccine. The vaccine provided significantly increased serum IgY titer levels, significantly reduced Salmonella CFU/g present in the cecum and an increased CD4+/CD8+ ratio in vaccinated animals when challenged with S. Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. These results indicate that this new trivalent vaccine does not generate adverse effects in poultry and produces an increase in neutralizing antibodies against the three Salmonella serovars.Ítem Solid state pathways to complex shape evolution and tunable porosity during metallic crystal growth(Nature Publishing Group, 2013-09) Valenzuela, C.; Carriedo, G.; Valenzuela, M.; Zúñiga, L.; O'Dwyer, C.Growing complex metallic crystals, supported high index facet nanocrystal composites and tunable porosity metals, and exploiting factors that influence shape and morphology is crucial in many exciting developments in chemistry, catalysis, biotechnology and nanoscience. Assembly, organization and ordered crystallization of nanostructures into complex shapes requires understanding of the building blocks and their association, and this relationship can define the many physical properties of crystals and their assemblies. Understanding crystal evolution pathways is required for controlled deposition onto surfaces. Here, complex metallic crystals on the nano- and microscale, carbon supported nanoparticles, and spinodal porous noble metals with defined inter-feature distances in 3D, are accomplished in the solid-state for Au, Ag, Pd, and Re. Bottom-up growth and positioning is possible through competitive coarsening of mobile nanoparticles and their site-specific crystallization in a nucleation-dewetted matrix. Shape evolution, density and growth mechanism of complex metallic crystals and porous metals can be imaged during growth.