Humans and Hoofed Livestock Are the Main Sources of Fecal Contamination of Rivers Used for Crop Irrigation: A Microbial Source Tracking Approach

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dc.contributor.authorDíaz Gavidia, Constanza
dc.contributor.authorBarría, Carla
dc.contributor.authorWeller, Daniel L.
dc.contributor.authorSalgado Caxito, Marilia
dc.contributor.authorEstrada, Erika M.
dc.contributor.authorAraya, Aníbal
dc.contributor.authorVera, Leonardo
dc.contributor.authorSmith, Woutrina
dc.contributor.authorKim, Minji
dc.contributor.authorMoreno Switt, Andrea I.
dc.contributor.authorOlivares Pacheco, Jorge
dc.contributor.authorAdell, Aiko D.
dc.date.accessioned2022-08-08T17:29:44Z
dc.date.available2022-08-08T17:29:44Z
dc.date.issued2022-06
dc.descriptionIndexación: Scopuses
dc.description.abstractFreshwater bodies receive waste, feces, and fecal microorganisms from agricultural, urban, and natural activities. In this study, the probable sources of fecal contamination were determined. Also, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) were detected in the two main rivers of central Chile. Surface water samples were collected from 12 sampling sites in the Maipo (n = 8) and Maule Rivers (n = 4) every 3 months, from August 2017 until April 2019. To determine the fecal contamination level, fecal coliforms were quantified using the most probable number (MPN) method and the source of fecal contamination was determined by Microbial Source Tracking (MST) using the Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotyping method. Separately, to determine if antimicrobial resistance bacteria (AMB) were present in the rivers, Escherichia coli and environmental bacteria were isolated, and the antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined. Fecal coliform levels in the Maule and Maipo Rivers ranged between 1 and 130 MPN/100-ml, and 2 and 30,000 MPN/100-ml, respectively. Based on the MST results using Cryptosporidium and Giardia host-specific species, human, cattle, birds, and/or dogs hosts were the probable sources of fecal contamination in both rivers, with human and cattle host-specific species being more frequently detected. Conditional tree analysis indicated that coliform levels were significantly associated with the river system (Maipo versus Maule), land use, and season. Fecal coliform levels were significantly (p < 0.006) higher at urban and agricultural sites than at sites immediately downstream of treatment centers, livestock areas, or natural areas. Three out of eight (37.5%) E. coli isolates presented a multidrug-resistance (MDR) phenotype. Similarly, 6.6% (117/1768) and 5.1% (44/863) of environmental isolates, in Maipo and Maule River showed and MDR phenotype. Efforts to reduce fecal discharge into these rivers should thus focus on agriculture and urban land uses as these areas were contributing the most and more frequently to fecal contamination into the rivers, while human and cattle fecal discharges were identified as the most likely source of this fecal contamination by the MST approach. This information can be used to design better mitigation strategies, thereby reducing the burden of waterborne diseases and AMR in Central Chile. Copyright © 2022 Díaz-Gavidia, Barría, Weller, Salgado-Caxito, Estrada, Araya, Vera, Smith, Kim, Moreno-Switt, Olivares-Pacheco and Adell.es
dc.description.urihttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.768527/full
dc.identifier.citationFrontiers in Microbiology Volume 1330 June 2022 Article number 768527es
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fmicb.2022.768527
dc.identifier.issn1664-302X
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unab.cl/xmlui/handle/ria/23489
dc.language.isoenes
dc.publisherFrontiers Media S.A.es
dc.rights.licenseAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
dc.subjectAntimicrobial resistancees
dc.subjectCryptosporidiumes
dc.subjectFecal coliformses
dc.subjectGiardiaes
dc.subjectMicrobial source trackinges
dc.subjectWater qualityes
dc.subjectWaterborne pathogenses
dc.titleHumans and Hoofed Livestock Are the Main Sources of Fecal Contamination of Rivers Used for Crop Irrigation: A Microbial Source Tracking Approaches
dc.typeArtículoes
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