Chocolate, Air Pollution and Children's Neuroprotection: What Cognition Tools should be at Hand to Evaluate Interventions?

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dc.contributor.authorCalderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian
dc.contributor.authorSan Juan Chávez, Vanessa
dc.contributor.authorVacaseydel-Aceves, Nora B.
dc.contributor.authorCalderón-Sánchez, Raymundo
dc.contributor.authorMacías-Escobedo, Edgar
dc.contributor.authorFrías, Carmen
dc.contributor.authorGiacometto, Marcela
dc.contributor.authorVelasquez, Luis
dc.contributor.authorFélix-Villarreal, Renata
dc.contributor.authorMartin, Jessie D.
dc.contributor.authorDraheim, Christopher
dc.contributor.authorEngle, Randall W.
dc.date.accessioned2017-01-30T14:50:06Z
dc.date.available2017-01-30T14:50:06Z
dc.date.issued2016-08
dc.descriptionIndexación: Web of Sciencees
dc.description.abstractMillions of children across the world are exposed to multiple sources of indoor and outdoor air pollutants, including high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O-3). The established link between exposure to PM2.5, brain structural, volumetric and metabolic changes, severe cognitive deficits (1.5-2 SD from average IQ) in APOE 4 heterozygous females with >75 - <94% BMI percentiles, and the presence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) hallmarks in urban children and young adults necessitates exploration of ways to protect these individuals from the deleterious neural effects of pollution exposure. Emerging research suggests that cocoa interventions may be a viable option for neuroprotection, with evidence suggesting that early cocoa interventions could limit the risk of cognitive and developmental concerns including: endothelial dysfunction, cerebral hypoperfusion, neuroinflammation, and metabolic detrimental brain effects. Currently, however, it is not clear how early we should implement consumption of cocoa to optimize its neuroprotective effects. Moreover, we have yet to identify suitable instruments for evaluating cognitive responses to these interventions in clinically healthy children, teens, and young adults. An approach to guide the selection of cognitive tools should take into account neuropsychological markers of cognitive declines in patients with Alzheimer's neuropathology, the distinct patterns of memory impairment between early and late onset AD, and the key literature associating white matter integrity and poor memory binding performance in cases of asymptomatic familial AD. We highlight potential systemic and neural benefits of cocoa consumption. We also highlight Working Memory Capacity (WMC) and attention control tasks as opened avenues for exploration in the air pollution scenario. Exposures to air pollutants during brain development have serious brain consequences in the short and long term and reliable cognition tools should be at hand to evaluate interventions.es
dc.description.urihttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2016.00232/full
dc.identifier.citationFRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY, 7 AUG 11 2016es
dc.identifier.issn1663-9812
dc.identifier.otherhttps://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00232
dc.identifier.urihttp://repositorio.unab.cl/xmlui/handle/ria/2790
dc.language.isoenes
dc.publisherFRONTIERS MEDIA SAes
dc.subjectAir pollutiones
dc.subjectAlzheimeres
dc.subjectChildrenes
dc.subjectChocolatees
dc.subjectMexico Cityes
dc.subjectNeuroinflammationes
dc.subjectNeuroprotectiones
dc.subjectWorking memoryes
dc.titleChocolate, Air Pollution and Children's Neuroprotection: What Cognition Tools should be at Hand to Evaluate Interventions?es
dc.typeArtículoes
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