Examinando por Autor "Reyes-Reyes, Alejandro"
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Ítem Decline in empathy levels and sex differences in medical students from the Caribbean(Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2021-07) González-Díaz, Eugenia Smirna; Silva-Vetri, María Guadalupe; Díaz-Calzadilla, Patricia; Calzadilla-Núñez, Aracelis; Reyes-Reyes, Alejandro; Díaz-Narváez, Víctor PatricioIntroduction: Empathy is an important trait in the training of medical students, as it has been shown that it improves the doctor-patient relationship. Objective: To evaluate the decline of empathy levels and possible sex differences in undergraduate medical students from the Universidad Central del Este, Dominican Republic. Materials and methods: Exploratory cross-sectional study. A Spanish version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Medical Students (S-version) Scale was administered in September 2018 to 1 144 1st-year to 5th-year medical students (887 women and 257 men). Data reliability was verified using the Cronbach’s alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). A generalized linear equation model (Type III) was applied to analyze data and the Wald chi-squared test was used to determine differences in overall empathy levels and the mean scores obtained in each of its three components based on the year of medical training and sex. Results: Cronbach’s alpha was satisfactory (0.839), and the ICC was 0.834 (F=5.68; p=0.005). The vari-ability of the estimated curves in relation to empathic behavior by course (year of medical training) and sex was observed using linear and non-linear regression equations: Wald χ2=115.6, p=0.0001 between courses; and Wald χ2 =12.85, p=0.001 between men and women. Conclusions: Sex differences were observed regarding empathy levels in the study population. More-over, a decline in empathy levels (overall empathy and Compassionate Care component in men and Walking in the Patient’s Shoes component in men and women) was also observed as students pro-gressed in their medical training. The behavior of these data raises questions regarding the need to determine the factors causing these differences and the decline in empathy levels. © 2021, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. All rights reserved.Ítem Empathy in Professors and Students of a School of Dentistry in the Caribbean(Universidad Estatal de Paraíba, 2022) Díaz-Narváez, Víctor Patricio; Silva-Vetri, María Guadalupe; Calzadilla-Núñez, Aracelis; Lopez García, Ana Leonides; de la Portilla Lopez, Ana; Reyes-Reyes, AlejandroObjective: To estimate and compare the levels of empathy between undergraduate dentistry students and professors at a university in the Dominican Republic. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive study. The studied population consisted of two groups. The first: students of the Dentistry Career (N=520; n=335: 64.42% of total students) were distributed in two areas, basic-preclinical and clinical, while the second group corresponded of teachers who work in both areas (N=92; n=56; 60.87% of all teachers). The total sample was n = 391. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (S-Version) was used. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's α and intraclass correlation coefficient, descriptive statistics, two-way analysis of variance, Tukey's test, effect size, and power of the test. Significance level: α≤0.05 and β≤0.20. Results: The empathy and dimension values were, in general, higher in the professors of the clinical area in relation to the other areas studied, with the exception of the compassionate care dimension. Conclusion: The finding that clinical teachers have a greater value of empathy is potentially an advantage for training students, especially in the clinical area.Ítem Empathy levels among dental students and professors from a dental school in the Dominican Republic(Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2022) Díaz-Narváez, Víctor Patricio; Silva-Vetri, María Guadalupe; Stocklin, Boni; González-Díaz, Eugenia; Calzadilla-Núñez, Aracelis; Torres-Martínez, Pilar; Reyes-Reyes, AlejandroIntroduction: The concept of empathy has been incorporated as one of the key elements for the achievement of the teaching-learning process goals in health science students. Objective: To estimate and compare the levels of empathy among dental students and professors in the undergraduate dental medicine program at the Universidad Central del Este (Dominican Republic). Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study. The study population (n=264) was divided into two groups: the first consisted of students in their first to fifth year of dental school (N=223; n=215), distributed in two areas (basic-preclinical and clinical courses), while the second group comprised professors working in both areas in the dental school of the university (N=53; n=49). The Jefferson Scale of Empathy (S-Version) was used. The descriptive analysis of the data included the estimation of means, standard deviations and percentages, and the reliability of the data was estimated using Cronbach's alpha. In addition, a two-way ANOVA was performed, calculating the effect size and the statistical power of the test; furthermore, when the Fisher’s exact test was significant for any factor, Tukey’s test was used to estimate differences between means. A significance level of α<0.05 and β<0.20 was established. Results: Overall empathy scores and compassionate care dimension scores among the professor group did not differ significantly from the scores obtained by the students (basic-preclinical and clinical area), but there were differences between students from both areas (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the three subgroups in the Perspective Taking and Walking in the Patient's Shoes dimensions (p=0.428 and p=0.866). Conclusion: The levels of empathy and compassionate care dimension of professors are similar to those of students in general (regardless of the area). © 2021 Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Ítem Evaluar la evolución de la empatía en el tiempo en estudiantes de odontología(Facultad de Medicina Dr. Aurelio Melean, 2024-01) Mesa, Natalia Fortich; Alviz, Roquelina Pianeta; Hoyos, Vivi Hoyos; Vilca, Lindsey W.; Reyes-Reyes, Alejandro; Díaz-Narváez, Víctor P.Objetivo. evaluar la evolución de la empatía y sus dimensiones en dos períodos anuales diferentes y determinar las fortalezas y las deficiencias observadas en la empatía y en sus dimensiones. Material y Métodos. estudio no experimental, descriptivo y transversal. La población la conforman estudiantes colombianos de odontología. La muestra se conformó de dos cohortes: n=326 estudiantes, 100% de la población (cohorte 2016) y n=207 estudiantes, 87,34 % de la población (cohorte 2022). La empatía fue medida por el instrumento JES-HPS. Se aplicó un análisis factorial confirmatorio, fiabilidad e invarianza. Las comparaciones de empatía entre las cohortes se realizaron mediante un análisis de la varianza factorial. Resultados. se cumplió el modelo teórico de tres dimensiones de la empatía en ambas cohortes estudiadas. Los niveles de confiabilidad fueron aceptables. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas relevantes entre las cohortes y se observa una declinación en el segundo y quinto curso de la empatía y de las dimensiones en general. Conclusiones. los valores de la empatía y sus dimensiones se han mantenido sin cambios en el tiempo y la empatía clasifico como “nivel medio” Como consecuencia de lo anterior, los niveles medios de la empatía podrían asociase a un déficit en la capacidad de entender la subjetividad del pensamiento del paciente y, esta situación, complica una actitud empática normal.Ítem Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the family adaptability and cohesion scale (FACES III) through item response theory models in students from Chile and Colombia(BioMed Central Ltd, 2024-12) Vilca, Lindsey W.; Díaz-Narváez, Víctor; Hidalgo, Wilson Pastén; Niekerk Bakit, Nicolás Van; Reyes, Paula Moreno; Herazo-Beltrán, Yaneth; Gauna-Quiñonez, Aura; Reyes-Reyes, Alejandro; Palacio, Luz Marina Alonso; Mendoza, Marco CervantesBackground: A psychometric study of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale (FACES III) has been conducted in Spanish-speaking countries from the perspective of the classical test theory. However, this approach has limitations that affect the psychometric understanding of this scale. Objective: Accordingly, this study used the item response theory to investigate the psychometric performance of the items. Furthermore, it evaluated the differential performance of the items for Colombia and Chile. Method: For this purpose, 518 health science students from both countries participated. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used. Results: The study results revealed that the cohesion and adaptability items presented adequate discrimination and difficulty indices. In addition, items 5, 8, 13, 17, and 19 of cohesion indicated differential functioning between students from both countries, with Chilean students exhibiting a greater discriminatory power. Further, the Colombian group exhibited a greater discriminatory power for item 18 of adaptability. Conclusions: The study concluded that the items of FACES III indicated adequate psychometric performance in terms of their discriminative capacity and difficulty in Chile and Colombia. © 2024, The Author(s).Ítem Family Functioning as a Possible Factor that Modulates Empathy Levels in Dental Students(Fundación Universitaria María Cano, 2023-07) Estrada-Méndez, Nuvia; Aldana Salguero, Jennifer Elizabeth; Alfaro Ortiz, Brenda Nathaly; Calzadilla-Núñez, Aracelis; Reyes-Reyes, Alejandro; Díaz-Narváez, Víctor PatricioAim. The objective of this paper is to explore whether there are differences in the levels of empathy and its dimensions between family typologies in dental students. Methodology. A quantitative and not experimental study, with a cross-sectional descriptive design, a population of dental students from the Evangelical University of El Salvador, and a convenience sample were applied. The levels of empathy and family functioning were evaluated using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Health Professions students and the Brief Scale of Family Functioning. The construct validity of both instruments was estimated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The reliability was estimated using McDonald's omega and Cronbach's alpha. Comparisons of empathy and its dimensions between family typologies were made using a two-factor analysis of variance. Results. No statistical differences were observed in empathy and its dimensions based on family typologies. It was found that women are more empathic than men. This result is not in accordance with other studies carried out in Latin America on dental and medical students evaluating empathy and family functioning with the same instruments. Conclusions. The distribution of empathy levels and their dimensions are similar among the family typologies studied. Therefore, it was not found that family functioning can influence empathy in the population studied. It is necessary to continue these studies to obtain more empirical evidence regarding the influence of family functioning on empathy.Ítem Family Functioning as an Explanatory Factor of Empathic Behavior in Argentine Medical Students(MDPI, 2023-04) Ulloque, María J.; Villalba, Silvina; Foscarini, Gabriela; Quinteros, Susana; Calzadilla-Núñez, Aracelis; Reyes-Reyes, Alejandro; Díaz-Narváez, VíctorEmpathy is a relevant competence in the study and practice of medicine whose development could depend on the functioning style of each family. This study aims to compare the distribution of empathy levels, about functionality or dysfunction, and the three styles, which can be derived from family functioning in the families of Argentine medical students. Previously providing evidence of the validity of the family functioning measure. As well as provide evidence of the validity of the measure of family functioning. Methods: Ex post facto design: 306 Argentine medical students who had already taken the Jefferson Scale of Empathy—Spanish Edition (JSE-S) and the abbreviated Spanish Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES-20). A gender-weighted linear regression analysis was made, establishing an ANOVA and multiple comparisons via DMS to determine the effect of functional and dysfunctional families’ balanced, intermediate and extreme functioning styles concerning empathy. Results: Students who presented dysfunction in familial cohesion and adaptability showed measures of empathy greater than those classified as functional. Differences of cohesion were statistically significant in compassionate care, perspective taking and general empathy. These components were significantly higher in students from families classified as extreme than balanced ones. Students classified within families with either extreme or dysfunctional styles showed greater levels of empathy than more adaptive and functional ones, except in the ‘walking in patient’s shoes’ component where differences were not observed. Conclusions: Individual resilience as an intervening variable in the presence of empathy is discussed. Implications: The study of empathy, its associated variables, and the conditions of its development remains a central theme in relation to students and professionals of the health sciences. To achieve an effective professional practice, it is necessary to develop human capacities such as empathy and personal resilience.Ítem Family functioning in students of health sciences in four Latin American countries: a study of the structure and factorial invariance of the FACES III scale. A cross-sectional study(Psicologia: Reflexao e Critica, Volume 37, Issue 1 December 2024 Article number 5, 2024-12) Vilca, Lindsey W.; Díaz-Narváez, Víctor; Calzadilla-Núñez, Aracelis; Arispe-Alburqueque, Claudia; Arciniega, Susana Facio; Orostegui, María Alejandra; Castellón-Montenegro, Herminia; Santander, Karina; López-Labarca, Claudio; Álvarez, Guiomar Hernández; Fernández-Aragón, Shirley; Palacio, Luz Marina Alonso; Reyes-Reyes, Alejandro; Mendoza, Marco CervantesBackground: Psychometric studies of the FACES III scale in Spanish-speaking countries show a lack of agreement on the factorial structure of the scale. In addition, most of the studies have only performed exploratory analyses of its factorial structure. Objective: The objective of the present study was to confirm the structure and factorial invariance of the FACES III scale in nursing and obstetric students from Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Mexico. Methods: A total of 3303 students from the four countries participated in this study (Colombia = 1559, Chile = 1224, Peru = 215, Mexico = 305). Results: The results of the study showed that the Bi-factor model presents the best-fit indexes to the data from Colombia, Chile, and Mexico, but not from Peru. In addition, it was found that this model showed evidence of being strictly invariant among the three countries in the sequence of the invariance models proposed: metric invariance (ΔRMSEA =.000), scalar (ΔRMSEA =.008), and strict (ΔRMSEA =.008). The bi-factor model also showed adequate reliability indexes in the three countries. Conclusion: It is concluded that the FACES III scale shows adequate psychometric performance under a bi-factor model in nursing and obstetric students from Colombia, Chile, and Mexico. The lack of fit of the model in Peru could be associated with the small sample size. © The Author(s) 2024.Ítem Psychometry and Cut-off Points of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy in Medical Students in Central America and the Caribbean(University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, 2022) Díaz-Narváez, Víctor Patricio; Calzadilla-Núñez, Aracelis; Reyes-Reyes, Alejandro; Silva-Vetri, María G.; Torres-Martínez, Pilar; González-Díaz, Eugenia Smirna; Alonso-Palacio, Luz Marina; Bilbao-Ramírez, Jorge Luis; Estrada-Méndez, Nuvia; Aparicio, Dilia Esther; Fajardo-Ramos, Elizabeth; Ferrero-Otero, Juan Carlos; Barrera-Gil, Douglas; Ríos-García, Ana LilianaObjective: The objective of this study was to determine cut-off points that can be used to differentiate measures of empathy, which would then be classified as high, medium, or low. To do so, we used data from students from 7 medical schools in Colombia, El Salvador, and the Dominican Republic, after determining the psychometric properties of the 3-dimensional model of empathy in the Jefferson Scale of Empathy, S-version (for medical students). Material and Methods: This non-experimental descriptive study had a sample that consisted of 6291 students. The structure and factor invariance were analyzed by country and sex. A hierarchical cluster analysis and a bifactorial analysis of variance were applied. Results: The measure of empathy was reliable on the global scale (α = .82; ω = .88). A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the original model was replicable and adjusted to the data (comparative fit index [CFI] = .90; goodness of fit index = .94), while the multigroup analysis allowed to assume an invariant factor structure by country and gender (ΔCFI < .01). Tables were constructed with cut-off points for empathy and its dimensions. Discussion and Conclusion: Our study solves the problem of comparing the scores and the levels of empathy observed in the medical students at different schools of medicine, making said comparisons within and between countries and between genders. The instrument used has adequate psychometric properties and the cut-off values obtained allow the classifying of people with lower or higher levels of empathy.Ítem Psychometry and empathy levels and its dimensions in postgraduate students of dental specialties(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2021-11) Díaz-Narváez, Víctor; Oyarzún-Muñoz, Marcela; Reyes-Reyes, Alejandro; Calzadilla-Núñez, Aracelis; Martínez, Pilar Torres; González-Valenzuela, Catalina; Cornejo-Fernández, NicoleBackground: Empathy is an attribute that has an important role in the dentist-patient therapeutic relationship, clinical care and adherence to treatment, amongst other benefits. The aim of this research was to determine empathy in dentists in the process of specialisation. Materials and Methods: Through an observational and cross-sectional study, all postgraduate students of Dentistry Faculty of Universidad Andrés Bello (Chile) were analysed (N = 195). The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy Scale was applied. Results: The results show an adequate reliability of the empathy measure (α = 0.819, ω = 0.928). A three-factor structure is evidenced by confirmatory factor analysis (χ2/df = 1.445, GFI = 0.952, RMSEA = 0.047) and adequate factor invariance between men and women. Women showed greater empathy on the global scale and in the perspective adoption dimension, with no gender differences found in the dimension Compassionate care and putting oneself in the other's shoes (POOS). The median empathy reaches 120 points. Below, are placed, the specialty of oral rehabilitation (Med = 114.5), surgery (Med = 117) and periodontics (Med. = 117.5). With superior scores, temporomandibular disorder (Med. = 121), endodontics (Med. = 121), Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics Med. = 122), Implantology (Med. = 125) and Pediatric dentistry (Med. = 127.5) are located. Conclusion: Women were more empathetic than men. In general, empathy levels are relatively high, but the common feature in which all students examined in different specialties have low levels in dimension POOS. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons LtdÍtem Psychometry: Cutting-Off Points and Standardization of the Jefferson Empathy Scale Adapted for Students of Kinesiology(SAGE Publications Inc., 2021-11) Reyes-Reyes, Alejandro; Calzadilla-Núñez, Aracelis; Torres-Martínez, Pilar; Díaz-Calzadilla, Patricia; Pastén-Hidalgo, Wilson; Bracho-Milic, Fanny; Díaz-Narváez, VíctorCurrently, the most common measurement of empathy is obtained using scales that offer a continuum between a minimum and a maximum value. The objectives of this study were to establish a norm and estimate cut-off points that would make it possible to assess the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) version for Health Professions students (HPS-version), and to determine its psychometric properties in Chilean physical therapy students. A secondary analysis was done on a data set from three schools of physical therapy ([n = 850], 412 women [48.5%], and 438 men [51.5%]), applying confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and hierarchical cluster analysis. A CFA replicated the original three-factor model of empathy with sufficiently fit the data. A hierarchical cluster analysis yielded four categories for the level of empathy: high, medium-high, medium-low, and low. Multi-group analyses supported the assumption of a gender-invariant factor structure. Results confirmed the reliability of the global scale (α =.835), and the Perspective Taking (α =.732), Compassionate Care (α =.842), and Walking in Patient’s Shoes (α =.686) dimensions. The instrument made it possible to establish four ordinal categories in the level of students’ empathy. We conclude that the HPS-version of the JSE has adequate psychometric properties; namely validity, reliability, and cut-off points that justify administering it to Chilean physical therapy students. © The Author(s) 2021.Ítem Variability of empathy among dental students. Implications not yet understood in Latin America(Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2021-05) Díaz-Narváez,Víctor; Miranda-Carreño, Fanny; Galaz-Guajardo, Sebastián; Sepúlveda-Navarro, Wilmer; Zúñiga-Mogollones, Mario; Calzadilla-Núñez, Aracelis; Torres-Martínez, Pilar; Reyes-Reyes, AlejandroIntroduction: Empathy is a quality that allows dentists to build an intersubjective relationship with their patients, which, among other benefits, contributes to the effectiveness of the treatment. Objective: To determine whether there is variability in empathy levels between two populations of dental students and to describe theoretically the general implications of this variability for intervention strategies. Materials and methods: Exploratory cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of 1st-5th year dental students from the Universidad Santiago de Cali, Colombia (n=610; N=647) and the Universidad San Sebastián, Chile (n=535; N=800). In both groups, empathy was measured using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (S-Version) Scale. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used for data analysis. Internal consistency of data was estimated using Cronbach's alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient. A factorial analysis of variance was performed, and three factors were studied: University (U), Course (C), and Sex (S). The statistical significance level used was α<0.05 and β≤0.20. Results: Differences in empathy level and in some of its three dimensions were observed between students from both universities and among courses (1st-5th year). No differences were found between sexes. Conclusions: There is variability in empathy levels among dental students from both universities. Thus, the implementation of specific empathy intervention strategies in each dental medicine program offered in Latin America is required to increase empathy levels in this population.Ítem Working nurses' empathy with patients in public hospitals(2023) Dávila Pontón, Yolanda; Díaz Narváez, Víctor Patricio; Montero Andrade, Bernardo; López Terán, Joseline Janeth; Reyes-Reyes, Alejandro; Calzadilla-Núñez, AracelisOBJECTIVE: to determine the levels of empathy in professional nurses of a high-complexity hospital, to relate age to empathy (and each one of its dimensions), and to establish if there are differences between these levels according to the type of working schedules. METHOD: comparative, correlational and cross-sectional design. The sample used (n=271) constituted 40.9% of the total number of nursing professionals. Psychometric properties of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Health Professionals were studied. Descriptive statistics were calculated: mean and standard deviation. The association between empathy and age was estimated using regression equations and statistical significance of the regression coefficients, after evaluating the type of curve using variance analysis. RESULTS: the underlying model of three dimensions of empathy was identified. The values of the descriptive statistics observed were relatively low in empathy and its dimensions. Empathy levels were not associated with the age range. No differences in empathy were found between the types of work schedules. Variability was found in the dimensions: "compassionate care" and "Walking on the patient's shoes". CONCLUSION: these results show that the levels of empathy observed may imply a deficient performance in empathetic care for patients. (1) The levels of empathy are low in the nursing professionals studied. (2) These levels are not associated with age and type of work performed. (3) Low levels of empathy could imply a negative alteration of humanized attention.