Examinando por Autor "Rosemblatt, Mario"
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Ítem Adoptive transfer of autoimmune splenic dendritic cells to lupus-prone mice triggers a B lymphocyte humoral response(Humana Press Inc., 2017-08) Sauma, Daniela; Crisóstomo, Natalia; Fuentes, Camila; Gleisner, María Alejandra; Hidalgo, Yessia; Fuenzalida, María José; Rosemblatt, Mario; Bono, María RosaSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by increased autoantibody production that leads to multiple tissue injuries. Dendritic cells (DCs) are important orchestrators of immune responses and key components in fine-tuning the balance between tolerance and immunity. However, their role in autoimmune disorders such as SLE remains uncertain. We analyzed the contribution of DCs in triggering SLE by adoptively transferring splenic DCs from aged autoimmune [NZB×NZW]F1 (BWF1) mice to young healthy BWF1 mice. We observed that the transfer of DCs from autoimmune mice to pre-autoimmune mice induced high autoantibody titers in the serum of recipient mice. Moreover, autoimmune DCs from aged BWF1 mice were crucial for the expansion and differentiation of plasmablasts and CD5+ B cells or B1-like cells in the peripheral blood, and spleen of recipient BWF1 mice, a phenomenon that is observed in autoimmune BWF1 mice. On the other hand, DCs from aged BWF1 mice participated in the expansion and differentiation of DCs and IFN-γ-producing T cells. These results reveal that DCs from autoimmune BWF1 mice exhibit functional and phenotypic characteristics that allow them to trigger B cell hyperactivation, as well as DC and T cell expansion and differentiation, thereby promoting an exacerbated humoral response in lupus-prone mice. © 2017, The Author(s).Ítem Alloreactive regulatory T cells allow the generation of mixed chimerism and transplant tolerance(Frontiers Research Foundation, 2015-11) Ruiz, Paulina; Maldonado, Paula; Hidalgo, Yessia; Sauma, Daniela; Rosemblatt, Mario; Bono, Maria RosaThe induction of donor-specific transplant tolerance is one of the main goals of modern immunology. Establishment of a mixed chimerism state in the transplant recipient has proven to be a suitable strategy for the induction of long-term allograft tolerance; however, current experimental recipient preconditioning protocols have many side effects, and are not feasible for use in future therapies. In order to improve the current mixed chimerism induction protocols, we developed a non-myeloablative bone-marrow transplant (NM-BMT) protocol using retinoic acid (RA)-induced alloantigen-specific Tregs, clinically available immunosuppressive drugs, and lower doses of irradiation. We demonstrate that RA-induced alloantigen-specific Tregs in addition to a NM-BMT protocol generates stable mixed chimerism and induces tolerance to allogeneic secondary skin allografts in mice. Therefore, the establishment of mixed chimerism through the use of donor-specific Tregs rather than non-specific immunosuppression could have a potential use in organ transplantation. © 2015 Ruiz, Maldonado, Hidalgo, Sauma, Rosemblatt and Bono.Ítem Alloreactive regulatory T cells generated with retinoic acid prevent skin allograft rejection(Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2015-02) Moore, Carolina; Tejon, Gabriela; Fuentes, Camila; Hidalgo, Yessia; Bono, Maria R.; Maldonado, Paula; Fernandez, Ricardo; Wood, Kathryn J.; Fierro, Juan A.; Rosemblatt, Mario; Sauma, Daniela; Bushell, AndrewCD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells mediate immunological self-tolerance and suppress immune responses. Retinoic acid (RA), a natural metabolite of vitamin A, has been reported to enhance the differentiation of Treg cells in the presence of TGF-β. In this study, we show that the co-culture of naive T cells from C57BL/6 mice with allogeneic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from BALB/c mice in the presence of TGF-β, RA, and IL-2 resulted in a striking enrichment of Foxp3+ T cells. These RA in vitro-induced regulatory T (RA-iTreg) cells did not secrete Th1-, Th2-, or Th17-related cytokines, showed a nonbiased homing potential, and expressed several cell surface molecules related to Treg-cell suppressive potential. Accordingly, these RA-iTreg cells suppressed T-cell proliferation and inhibited cytokine production by T cells in in vitro assays. Moreover, following adoptive transfer, RA-iTreg cells maintained Foxp3 expression and their suppressive capacity. Finally, RA-iTreg cells showed alloantigen-specific immunosuppressive capacity in a skin allograft model in immunodeficient mice. Altogether, these data indicate that functional and stable allogeneic-specific Treg cells may be generated using TGF-β, RA, and IL-2. Thus, RA-iTreg cells may have a potential use in the development of more effective cellular therapies in clinical transplantation. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Ítem CD73 and CD39 ectonucleotidases in T cell differentiation: Beyond immunosuppression(Elsevier B.V., 2015-07) Bono, María Rosa; Fernández, Dominique; Flores-Santibáñez, Felipe; Rosemblatt, Mario; Sauma, DanielaExtracellular ATP is a danger signal released by dying and damaged cells, and it functions as an immunostimulatory signal that promotes inflammation. However, extracellular adenosine acts as an immunoregulatory signal that modulates the function of several cellular components of the adaptive and innate immune response. Consequently, the balance between ATP and adenosine concentration is crucial in immune homeostasis. CD39 and CD73 are two ectonucleotidases that cooperate in the generation of extracellular adenosine through ATP hydrolysis, thus tilting the balance towards immunosuppressive microenvironments. Extracellular adenosine can prevent activation, proliferation, cytokine production and cytotoxicity in T cells through the stimulation of the A2A receptor; however, recent evidence has shown that adenosine may also affect other processes in T-cell biology. In this review, we discuss evidence that supports a role of CD73 and CD39 ectonucleotidases in controlling naive T-cell homeostasis and memory cell survival through adenosine production. Finally, we propose a novel hypothesis of a possible role of these ectonucleotidases and autocrine adenosine signaling in controlling T-cell differentiation. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies.Ítem CD73 Ectonucleotidase Restrains CD8+ T Cell Metabolic Fitness and Anti-tumoral Activity(Frontiers Media S.A., 2021-02) Briceño, Pedro; Rivas-Yañez, Elizabeth; Rosemblatt, Mariana V.; Parra-Tello, Brian; Farías, Paula; Vargas, Leonardo; Simon, Valeska; Cárdenas, César; Lladser, Alvaro; Salazar-Onfray, Flavio; Elorza, Alvaro A.; Rosemblatt, Mario; Bono, María Rosa; Sauma, DanielaCD39 and CD73 are ectoenzymes that dephosphorylate ATP into its metabolites; ADP, AMP, and adenosine, and thus are considered instrumental in the development of immunosuppressive microenvironments. We have previously shown that within the CD8+ T cell population, naïve and memory cells express the CD73 ectonucleotidase, while terminally differentiated effector cells are devoid of this enzyme. This evidence suggests that adenosine might exert an autocrine effect on CD8+ T cells during T cell differentiation. To study the possible role of CD73 and adenosine during this process, we compared the expression of the adenosinergic signaling components, the phenotype, and the functional properties between CD73-deficient and WT CD8+ T cells. Upon activation, we observed an upregulation of CD73 expression in CD8+ T cells along with an upregulation of the adenosine A2A receptor. Interestingly, when we differentiated CD8+ T cells to Tc1 cells in vitro, we observed that these cells produce adenosine and that CD73-deficient cells present a higher cytotoxic potential evidenced by an increase in IFN-γ, TNF-α, and granzyme B production. Moreover, CD73-deficient cells presented a increased glucose uptake and higher mitochondrial respiration, indicating that this ectonucleotidase restrict the mitochondrial capacity in CD8+ T cells. In agreement, when adoptively transferred, antigen-specific CD73-deficient CD8+ T cells were more effective in reducing the tumor burden in B16.OVA melanoma-bearing mice and presented lower levels of exhaustion markers than wild type cells. All these data suggest an autocrine effect of CD73-mediated adenosine production, limiting differentiation and cytotoxic T cells’ metabolic fitness. © Copyright © 2021 Briceño, Rivas-Yañez, Rosemblatt, Parra-Tello, Farías, Vargas, Simon, Cárdenas, Lladser, Salazar-Onfray, Elorza, Rosemblatt, Bono and Sauma.Ítem CD73-mediated adenosine production promotes stem cell-like properties in mouse Tc17 cells(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2015-12) Flores-Santibáñez, Felipe; Fernández, Dominique; Meza, Daniel; Tejón, Gabriela; Vargas, Leonardo; Varela-Nallar, Lorena; Arredondo, Sebastián; Guixé, Victoria; Rosemblatt, Mario; Bono, María Rosa; Sauma, DanielaThe CD73 ectonucleotidase catalyses the hydrolysis of AMP to adenosine, an immunosuppressive molecule. Recent evidence has demonstrated that this ectonucleotidase is up-regulated in T helper type 17 cells when generated in the presence of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and hence CD73 expression is related to the acquisition of immunosuppressive potential by these cells. TGF-β is also able to induce CD73 expression in CD8+ T cells but the function of this ectonucleotidase in CD8+ T cells is still unknown. Here, we show that Tc17 cells present high levels of the CD73 ectonucleotidase and produce adenosine; however, they do not suppress the proliferation of CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, we report that adenosine signalling through A2A receptor favours interleukin-17 production and the expression of stem cell-associated transcription factors such as tcf-7 and lef-1 but restrains the acquisition of Tc1-related effector molecules such as interferon-γ and Granzyme B by Tc17 cells. Within the tumour microenvironment, CD73 is highly expressed in CD62L+ CD127+ CD8+ T cells (memory T cells) and is down-regulated in GZMB+ KLRG1+ CD8+ T cells (terminally differentiated T cells), demonstrating that CD73 is expressed in memory/naive cells and is down-regulated during differentiation. These data reveal a novel function of CD73 ectonucleotidase in arresting CD8+ T-cell differentiation and support the idea that CD73-driven adenosine production by Tc17 cells may promote stem cell-like properties in Tc17 cells.Ítem Complete sequence of the genome of the human isolate of Andes virus CHI-7913: comparative sequence and protein structure analysis(Sociedad de Biología de Chile, 2003) Tischler, Nicole D.; Fernández, Jorge; Müller, Ilse; Martínez, Rodrigo; Galeno, Héctor; Villagra, Eliecer; Mora, Judith; Ramírez, Eugenio; Rosemblatt, Mario; Valenzuela, Pablo D.T.We report here the complete genomic sequence of the Chilean human isolate of Andes virus CHI-7913. The S, M, and L genome segment sequences of this isolate are 1,802, 3,641 and 6,466 bases in length, with an overall GC content of 38.7%. These genome segments code for a nucleocapsid protein of 428 amino acids, a glycoprotein precursor protein of 1,138 amino acids and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of 2,152 amino acids. In addition, the genome also has other ORFs coding for putative proteins of 34 to 103 amino acids. The encoded proteins have greater than 98% overall similarity with the proteins of Andes virus isolates AH-1 and Chile R123. Among other sequenced Hantavirus, CHI-7913 is more closely related to Sin Nombre virus, with an overall protein similarity of 92%. The characteristics of the encoded proteins of this isolate, such as hydrophobic domains, glycosylation sites, and conserved amino acid motifs shared with other Hantavirus and other members of the Bunyaviridae family, are identified and discussed.Ítem Cyclosporin A-treated Dendritic Cells may affect the outcome of organ transplantation by decreasing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell proliferation(Sociedad de Biología de Chile, 2010) Pino, Karina; Michea, Paula; Sauma, Daniela; Alba, Andrea; Morales, Jorge; Bono Merino, María Rosa; Fierro, Alberto; Rosemblatt, MarioOne of the mechanisms for generation of tolerance involves immature dendritic cells (DCs) and a subpopulation of regulatory CD4+ CD25+ T lymphocytes (TREG). The purpose of this work was to analyze how Cyclosporine A (CsA), a widely used immunosuppressive drug, may affect TREG proliferation. Purified and activated murine DCs obtained from bone marrow precursors differentiated with rGMCSF were co-cultured with purified CFSE-labeled TREG from OTII mice, and their phenotype and proliferation analyzed by flow cytometry. Our data indicate that DCs differentiated in the presence of CsA show an altered phenotype, with a lower expression of MHC-II and a lower activating capacity. Additionally, these CsA-treated DCs show decreased production of IL-2 and IL-12 and increased IL-10 secretion when stimulated with LPS, indicating an effect on the polarization of the immune response. Interestingly, CsA-treated DCs show an anti-tolerogenic effect since they reduce the proliferation of TREG cells from 72 to 47%. Further inhibition to a 24% of TREG proliferation was obtained as a direct effect of CsA on TREG. In conclusion, the anti-tolerogenic effect of CsA should be considered in the planning of immunosuppression in the context of clinical transplantation.Ítem Hantavirus Gc glycoprotein: Evidence for a class ll fusion protein(Microbiology Society, 2005-11) Tischler, Nicole D.; Gonzales, Angel; Perez-Acle, Tomas; Rosemblatt, Mario; Valenzuela, Pablo D.T.Hantavirus cell entry is promoted by its envelope glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, through cell attachment and by fusion between viral and endosomal membranes at low pH. However, the role of Gn and Gc in receptor binding and cell fusion has not yet been defined. In this work, a sequence presenting characteristics similar to those of class II fusion peptides (FPs) of alphavirus E1 and flavivirus E proteins is identified within the hantavirus Gc glycoprotein. A three-dimensional comparative molecular model based on crystallographic data of tick-borne encephalitis virus E protein is proposed for the Andes virus (ANDV) Gc ectodomain, which supports a feasible class II fusion-protein fold. In vitro experimental evidence is provided for the binding activity of the ANDV FP candidate to artificial membranes, as demonstrated by fluorescence anisotropy assays. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that the Gc glycoprotein of hantaviruses and of other members of the family Bunyaviridae directs the viral fusion activity and that it may be classified as a class II viral fusion protein. © 2005 SGM.Ítem Identificación de Linfocitos B en pez cebra(Universidad Andrés Bello, 2013) Rubio Ahumada, Solange; Rosemblatt, Mario; Allende, Miguel; Wilhelm, VivianEl pez cebra como modelo ofrece diversas ventajas para el estudio del sistema inmune tanto innato como adquirido entre las que se cuentan su transparencia en los estadios iniciales del desarrollo, fácil manipulación y la disponibilidad de poderosas metodologías genéticas y moleculares. Se ha descrito que los peces poseen células con características similares a los linfocitos B y T de otros vertebrados. Dadas las ventajas mencionadas, el pez cebra es un buen modelo para estudiar estas poblaciones linfoides. Sin embargo, un inconveniente importante en este campo es la falta de herramientas inmunológicas tales como anticuerpos monoclonales que permitan aislar diferentes linajes linfoides y así poder caracterizar estos componentes celulares del sistema inmune de teleósteos. Aunque, aparentemente, muchos de los elementos esenciales del sistema inmune adquirido entre mamíferos y teleósteos son conservados, existen diferencias entre ellos, como la ausencia de médula ósea en los peces, cuya función como órgano hematopoyético en mamíferos, es desempeñada por el riñón en los teleósteos. Es en el riñón donde podemos encontrar linajes hematopoyéticos similares a los de médula ósea de mamíferos. Por otro lado y en contraste a lo que ocurre en mamíferos, los peces tienen sólo cuatro tipos de inmunoglobulinas: IgM, IgD, IgZ e IgT. Entre estas, la IgM es la única que desempeña un papel importante en la respuesta inmune humoral de los teleósteos. Además de ser la inmunoglobulina más abundante en el suero de los peces, se encuentra presente en la superficie celular de los linfocitos B, lo cual permite usarla como marcador para esta subpoblación linfoide. A pesar de los antecedentes descritos, los linfocitos B de teleósteos están pobremente caracterizados, por lo cual, el objetivo de este trabajo fue avanzar en la caracterización de los linfocitos B en el pez cebra. Para ello utilizamos un anticuerpo monoclonal anti-IgM de salmónido, preparado previamente y establecimos que reconoce esta inmunoglobulina también en pez cebra. Por otro lado, aprovechamos la isponibilidad de distintas líneas de pez cebra transgénicas, entre ellas: rag2::GFP, que permite identificar linfocitos inmaduros, mhc2dab::GFP que marca células presentadoras de antígeno y cd45::DsRed, que marca una subpoblación de células mieloides y linfocitos T. Con estas herramientas, separamos las distintas subpoblaciones linfoides, mediante cell sorting y analizamos, a través de PCR en tiempo real, la expresión de los marcadores linfoides IgM, pax5 (gen clave en la diferenciación del linaje B), rag2 (determinante en el proceso de recombinación génica en linfocitos B y T) y Ick (codifica para una kinasa presente sólo en linaje T). Finalmente, aislamos las células I~My+ a nalizamos la habilidad de estas células de fagocitar material inerte y bacterias. En este estudio se logró identificar células I~M' en riñón, bazo y sangre de peces cebra adultos. Mediante citometría, demostramos que alrededor del 4% de todas las células renales presentan la expresión de IgM en la superficie celular. Estas células constituyen una subpoblación de linfocitos B, como se indica por los análisis de expresión de genes pax5 e IgM y la co-expresión del transgén mhc2dab::GFP. Además, se identificaron las células I ~ M a+is ladas a partir de riñón de la línea transgénica rag2::GFP (que marca las células progenitoras linfoides) lo que permitió discriminar subconjuntos discretos de diferentes estados de desarrollo de las células B (estadios del linaje B inmaduros y maduros). Además, se observó, a través de citometría de flujo y microscopía fluorescente, que las células que fagocitan micropartículas de poliestireno o bacterias, no expresan IgM en su superficie y no pueden ser identificadas como linfocitos B como se ha reportado en trucha y salmón. Haber identificado y separado linfocitos B en pez cebra es un logro que contribuye a nuestra comprensión del sistema inmune adaptativo de este teleósteo y que nos permitirá en un futuro aplicar este conocimiento a otras especies de teleósteos, incluyendo aquellas de interés comercial.Ítem Imprinting of CCR9 on CD4 T cells requires IL-4 signaling on mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells(American Association of Immunologists, 2008-05-15) Elgueta, Raul; Sepulveda, Fernando E.; Vilches, Felipe; Vargas, Leonardo; Mora, J. Rodrigo; Bono, Maria Rosa; Rosemblatt, MarioIt has recently been shown that IL-4 can educate dendritic cells (DC) to differentially affect T cell effector activity. In this study, we show that IL-4 can also act upon DC to instruct naive T cells to express the gut-associated homing receptor CCR9. Thus, effector T cells generated after coculture with mesenteric lymph node (MLN)-DC show a higher expression of CCR9 when activated in the presence of IL-4. In contrast, IL-4 had no effect on CCR9 expression when naive T cells were polyclonally activated in the absence of MLN-DC, suggesting that the effect of IL-4 on CCR9 expression passed through DC. Indeed, T cells activated by MLN-DC from IL-4R alpha(-/-) mice showed a much lower CCR9 expression and a greatly reduced migration to the small intestine than T cells activated by wild-type MLN-DC even in-the presence of IL-4. Consistent with the finding that the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) induces gut-homing molecules on T cells, we further demonstrate that IL-4 up-regulated retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 mRNA on MLN-DC, a critical enzyme involved in the synthesis of RA. Moreover, LE135, a RA receptor antagonist, blocked the increased expression of CCR9 driven by IL-4-treated MLN-DC. Thus, besides the direct effect of RA on T cell gut tropism, our results show that the induction of a gut-homing phenotype on CD4(+) T cells is also influenced by the effect of IL-4 on gut-associated DC.Ítem Production and immune response of recombinant Hsp60 and Hsp70 from the salmon pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis(Sociedad de Biología de Chile, 2005) Wilhelm, Vivian; Soza, Cristian; Martinez, Rodrigo; Rosemblatt, Mario; Burzio, Luis; Valenzuela, Pablo D.T.We have isolated and sequenced the genes encoding the heat shock proteins 60 (Hsp60) and 70 (Hsp70) of the salmon pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis. The sequence analysis revealed the expected two open reading frames that encode proteins with calculated molecular weights of 60,060 and 70,400. The proteins exhibit a 70-80% homology with other known prokaryotic Hsp60 and Hsp70 sequences. The coding regions have been expressed in E. coli as thioredoxin fusion proteins. Both recombinant proteins were shown to elicit a humoral response when injected intraperitoneally in Atlantic salmon and also conferred protection to fish challenged with P. salmonis. The present data will facilitate further studies on the involvement of heat shock proteins in protective immunity of fish to infection by P. salmonis and their potential use in recombinants vaccines against this intracellular pathogen.Ítem Purinergic Signaling as a Regulator of Th17 Cell Plasticity(PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE, 2016-06) Fernández, Dominique; Flores-Santibáñez, Felipe; Neira, Jocelyn; Osorio-Barrios, Francisco; Tejón, Gabriela; Nuñez, Sarah; Hidalgo, Yessia; Fuenzalida, Maria Jose; Meza, Daniel; Ureta, Gonzalo; Lladser, Alvaro; Pacheco, Rodrigo; Acuña-Castillo, Claudio; Guixé, Victoria; Quintana, Francisco J.; Bono, Maria Rosa; Rosemblatt, Mario; Sauma, DanielaT helper type 17 (Th17) lymphocytes, characterized by the production of interleukin-17 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, are present in intestinal lamina propria and have been described as important players driving intestinal inflammation. Recent evidence, supporting the notion of a functional and phenotypic instability of Th17 cells, has shown that Th17 differentiate into type 1 regulatory (Tr1) T cells during the resolution of intestinal inflammation. Moreover, it has been suggested that the expression of CD39 ectonucleotidase endows Th17 cells with immunosuppressive properties. However, the exact role of CD39 ectonucleotidase in Th17 cells has not been studied in the context of intestinal inflammation. Here we show that Th17 cells expressing CD39 ectonucleotidase can hydrolyze ATP and survive to ATP-induced cell death. Moreover, in vitro-generated Th17 cells expressing the CD39 ectonucleotidase produce IL-10 and are less pathogenic than CD39 negative Th17 cells in a model of experimental colitis in Rag-/- mice. Remarkably, we show that CD39 activity regulates the conversion of Th17 cells to IL-10-producing cells in vitro, which is abrogated in the presence of ATP and the CD39-specific inhibitor ARL67156. All these data suggest that CD39 expression by Th17 cells allows the depletion of ATP and is crucial for IL-10 production and survival during the resolution of intestinal inflammation.Ítem Single and combined effect of retinoic acid and rapamycin modulate the generation, activity and homing potential of induced human regulatory T cells(Public Library of Science, 2017-07) Candia, Enzo; Reyes, Paz; Covian, Camila; Rodriguez, Francisco; Rodriguez, Francisco; Wainstein, Nicolas; Morales, Jorge; Mosso, Claudio; Rosemblatt, Mario; Fierro, Juan AlbertoAdoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) has been successfully utilized to treat graft versus host disease and represents a promising strategy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and rapamycin (RAPA) on the number, phenotype, homing markers expression, DNA methylation, and function of induced human Treg cells in short-term cultures. Naive T cells were polyclonally stimulated and cultured for five days in the presence of different combinations of IL-2, TGF-β1, atRA and RAPA. The resulting cells were characterized by the expression of FOXP3, activation, surface and homing markers. Methylation of the Conserved Non-coding Sequence 2 was also evaluated. Functional comparison of the different culture conditions was performed by suppression assays in vitro. Culturing naive human T cells with IL-2/TGFβ1 resulted in the generation of 54.2% of Treg cells (CD4+CD25+FOXP3+) whereas the addition of 100 nM atRA increased the yield of Treg cells to 66% (p = 0.0088). The addition of RAPA did not increase the number of Treg cells in any of these settings. Treg cells generated in the presence of atRA had an increased expression of the β7 integrin to nearly 100% of the generated Treg cells, while RAPA treated cells showed enhanced expression of CXCR4. The differential expression of homing molecules highlights the possibility of inducing Treg cells with differential organ-specific homing properties. Neither atRA nor RAPA had an effect on the highly methylated CNS2 sites, supporting reports that their contribution to the lineage stability of Treg cells is not mediated by methylation changes in this locus. Treg cells generated in the presence of RAPA show the most potent suppression effect on the proliferation of effector cells. © 2017 Candia et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Ítem The histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 limits inflammation through the induction of a tolerogenic phenotype on DCs(Academic Press, 2016-12) Doñas, Cristian; Carrasco, Macarena; Fritz, Macarena; Prado, Carolina; Tejón, Gabriela; Osorio-Barrios, Francisco; Manríquez, Valeria; Reyes, Paz; Pacheco, Rodrigo; Bono, María Rosa; Loyola, Alejandra; Rosemblatt, MarioAs it has been established that demethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 by the lysine-specific deme thylase JMJD3 increases immune responses and thus elicits inflammation, we hypothesize that inhibition of JMJD3 may attenuate autoimmune disorders. We found that in vivo administration of GSK-J4, a selective inhibitor of JMJD3 and UTX, ameliorates the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In vitro experiments revealed that the anti-inflammatory effect of GSK-J4 was exerted through an effect on dendritic cells (DCs), promoting a tolerogenic profile characterized by reduced expression of costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86, an increased expression of tolerogenic molecules CD103 and TGF-b1, and reduced secretion of proin flammatory cytokines IL-6, IFN-g, and TNF. Adoptive transfer of GSK-J4-treated DCs into EAE mice reduced the clinical manifestation of the disease and decreased the extent of inflammatory CD4þ T cells infiltrating the central nervous system. Notably, Treg generation, stability, and suppressive activity were all exacerbated by GSK-J4-treated DCs without affecting Th1 and Th17 cell production. Our data show that GSK-J4-mediated modulation of inflammation is achieved by a direct effect on DCs and that systemic treatment with GSK-J4 or adoptive transfer of GSK-J4-treated DCs ex vivo may be promising approaches for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Ítem Thymic B Cells Promote Germinal Center-Like Structures and the Expansion of Follicular Helper T Cells in Lupus-Prone Mice(Frontiers Media S.A., 2020-04) Hidalgo, Yessia; Núñez, Sarah; Fuenzalida, Maria Jose; Flores Santibáñez, Felipe; Sáez, Pablo J.; Dorner, Jessica; Lennon Dumenil, Ana-Maria; Martínez, Victor; Zorn, Emmanuel; Rosemblatt, Mario; Sauma, Daniela; Bono, Maria RosaSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the activation of autoreactive T and B cells, autoantibody production, and immune complex deposition in various organs. Previous evidence showed abnormal accumulation of B cells in the thymus of lupus-prone mice, but the role of this population in the progression of the disease remains mostly undefined. Here we analyzed the spatial distribution, function, and properties of this thymic B cell population in the BWF1 murine model of SLE. We found that in diseased animals, thymic B cells proliferate, and cluster in structures that resemble ectopic germinal centers. Moreover, we detected antibody-secreting cells in the thymus of diseased-BWF1 mice that produce anti-dsDNA IgG autoantibodies. We also found that thymic B cells from diseased-BWF1 mice induced the differentiation of thymocytes to follicular helper T cells (TFH). These data suggest that the accumulation of B cells in the thymus of BWF1 mice results in the formation of germinal center-like structures and the expansion of a TFH population, which may, in turn, activate and differentiate B cells into autoreactive plasma cells. Therefore, the thymus emerges as an important niche that supports the maintenance of the pathogenic humoral response in the development of murine SLE. © Copyright © 2020 Hidalgo, Núñez, Fuenzalida, Flores-Santibáñez, Sáez, Dorner, Lennon-Dumenil, Martínez, Zorn, Rosemblatt, Sauma and Bono.Ítem Vitamin A Impairs the Reprogramming of Tregs into IL-17-Producing Cells during Intestinal Inflammation(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2015) Tejón, Gabriela; Manríquez, Valeria; De Calisto, Jaime; Flores-Santibáñez, Felipe; Hidalgo, Yessia; Crisóstomo, Natalia; Fernández, Dominique; Sauma, Daniela; Mora, J. Rodrigo; Bono, Mariá R.; Rosemblatt, MarioMaintaining the identity of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) is critical for controlling immune responses in the gut, where an imbalance between Tregs and T effector cells has been linked to inflammatory bowel disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that Tregs can convert into Th17 cells and acquire an inflammatory phenotype. In this study, we used an adoptive transfer model of Ag-specific T cells to study the contribution of different factors to the reprogramming of in vitro-generated Treg cells (iTreg) into IL-17-producing cells in a mouse model of gut inflammation in vivo. Our results show that intestinal inflammation induces the reprogramming of iTreg cells into IL-17-producing cells and that vitamin A restrains reprogramming in the gut. We also demonstrate that the presence of IL-2 during the in vitro generation of iTreg cells confers resistance to Th17 conversion but that IL-2 and retinoic acid (RA) cooperate to maintain Foxp3 expression following stimulation under Th17-polarizing conditions. Additionally, although IL-2 and RA differentially regulate the expression of different Treg cell suppressive markers, Treg cells generated under different polarizing conditions present similar suppressive capacity. © 2015 Gabriela Tejón et al.