Factores positivos y negativos del uso de la Tecnología de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) en la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS)
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2020
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es
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Resumen
La Atención Primaria en Salud (APS) forma parte del sistema nacional de salud, del
que constituye la función central y su núcleo principal, como del desarrollo social y
económico global de la comunidad. Las ideas fundamentales de la Declaración de Alma –
Atta de 1978, que difundió varios conceptos innovadores en salud pública, siguen siendo
válidas y deben ser integradas en los sistemas sanitarios de la Región de las Américas
para fortalecer la APS. En el 2005, uno de los compromisos establecidos por los países
de la Región de las Américas en la Declaración Regional sobre las nuevas orientaciones
de la APS (Declaración de Montevideo) fue el desarrollo de la tecnología como
componente fundamental de una estrategia para renovar y fortalecer la APS. Asimismo,
se estableció que la APS, desempeña un papel importante en la coordinación de la
continuidad de la atención y del flujo de información a lo largo de todo el sistema de
atención de salud.
En este contexto, y acelerados por esta gran crisis sanitaria que enfrentamos, que
estanca la economía mundial, y por ende el desarrollo de los países, donde una de las
medidas para impedir su propagación es el distanciamiento físico nace la reflexión sobre
cuáles son los factores positivos y negativos del uso de las TIC en la APS para formular
una recomendación a la APS en el entorno local que permita continuar con las atenciones
a los usuarios de la APS mejorando la calidad de vida de las personas y de la comunidad.
El objetivo general que guía esta revisión bibliográfica es describir
sistemáticamente bibliografía que señale los factores positivos y/o negativos del uso de
las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) en la atención primaria de salud
(APS). Y sus objetivos específicos son revisar y detallar los factores positivos y/o negativos
del uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) en la atención primaria
de salud (APS). La metodología utilizada para el desarrollo del presente documento se
realiza a través de una investigación documental, siendo la técnica utilizada el análisis
documental.
El aporte de la revisión bibliográfica de los quince estudios seleccionados en esta
investigación permite determinar que existen más de veintisiete factores positivos y
alrededor de dieciséis barreras para el uso de las TIC en la atención primaria de salud. En
relación a los factores positivos revisados y detallados se destaca; significativamente, la
calidad y seguridad del paciente en la prestación otorgada, el acceso oportuno a la
atención a través de la telemedicina, teleconsulta; el alto nivel de resolutividad entre los
establecimientos de salud de distinta complejidad, la trazabilidad que se logra de la
atención del paciente a través de la HCE (Historia Clínica Electrónica), la alta capacidad
de información y comunicación hacia la comunidad; a través de las TIC bien empleadas
que permiten al paciente estar capacitados para lograr su autocuidado en salud, que los
datos se transformen en información y ésta en la toma de decisión para los pacientes y
usuarios (cuidadores y otros), grupos con objetivos comunes. Logran transferencia de
conocimiento entre profesionales de salud y además entre usuarios e inclusive ambos,
entre otros. En cuanto a los factores negativos del uso de las TIC en la atención primaria
de salud revisados y detallados resulta ser el principal la falta de capacitación del equipo
de salud en su uso y gestión; falta de infraestructura tecnológica y financiera, falta de
involucramiento en las autoridades de gobierno y salud, entre otras.
Se concluye que son mayores los factores positivos que negativos en el uso de las
TIC en la APS; sin embargo, esta combinación debe garantizar la forma óptima de sus
aplicaciones en los procesos que involucran la salud de las personas, comenzando porque
los líderes de gobierno y salud se comprometan e involucren en una continua
comunicación y capacitación del equipo de salud; así como de los usuarios, para que de
esta manera se pueda llegar a asumir el uso de las TIC como parte productiva de la
dinámica social que vivimos y la APS como la clave para mantener una comunidad
saludable.
Primary Health Care (PHC) is part of the national health system, of which it constitutes the central function and its main nucleus, as well as the global social and economic development of the community. The fundamental ideas of the Declaration of Alma -Atta of 1978, which disseminated several innovative concepts in public health, remain valid and must be integrated into the health systems of the Region of the Americas to strengthen PHC. In 2005, one of the commitments established by the countries of the Region of the Americas in the Regional Declaration on the new PHC guidelines (Declaration of Montevideo) was the development of technology as a fundamental component of a strategy to renew and strengthen the APS. Likewise, it was established that PHC plays an important role in coordinating the continuity of care and the flow of information throughout the entire health care system. In this context, and accelerated by this great health crisis that we face, which stagnates the world economy, and therefore the development of countries, where one of the measures to prevent its spread is physical distancing, reflection on what the factors are is born. positives and negatives of the use of ICT in PHC to make a recommendation to PHC in the local environment that allows continuing care for PHC users, improving the quality of life of people and the community. The general objective that guides this bibliographic review is to systematically describe the bibliography that indicates the positive and / or negative factors of the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in primary health care (PHC). And its specific objectives are to review and detail the positive and / or negative factors of the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in primary health care (PHC). The methodology used to develop this document is carried out through documentary research, the technique used being documentary analysis. The contribution of the bibliographic review of the fifteen studies selected in this investigation makes it possible to determine that there are more than twenty-seven positive factors and about sixteen barriers to the use of ICT in primary health care. In relation to the positive factors reviewed and detailed, it stands out; significantly, the quality and safety of the patient in the provision provided, timely access to care through telemedicine, teleconsultation; the high level of resolution among health establishments of different complexity, the traceability that is achieved of patient care through the EHR (Electronic Medical Record), the high capacity for information and communication towards the community; Through well-used ICTs that allow the patient to be trained to achieve self care in health, that data is transformed into information and this in decision-making for patients and users (caregivers and others), groups with common objectives. They achieve knowledge transfer between health professionals and also between users and even both, among others. Regarding the negative factors of the use of ICT in primary health care reviewed and detailed, the main one is the lack of training of the health team in its use and management; lack of technological and financial infrastructure, lack of involvement in government and health authorities, among others. It is concluded that there are greater positive than negative factors in the use of CT in PHC; However, this combination should guarantee the optimal form of its applications in the processes that involve people's health, starting with the government and health leaders committing themselves and being involved in continuous communication and training of the health team; as well as users, so that in this way the use of ICT can be assumed as a productive part of the social dynamics that we live and PHC as the key to maintaining a healthy community.
Primary Health Care (PHC) is part of the national health system, of which it constitutes the central function and its main nucleus, as well as the global social and economic development of the community. The fundamental ideas of the Declaration of Alma -Atta of 1978, which disseminated several innovative concepts in public health, remain valid and must be integrated into the health systems of the Region of the Americas to strengthen PHC. In 2005, one of the commitments established by the countries of the Region of the Americas in the Regional Declaration on the new PHC guidelines (Declaration of Montevideo) was the development of technology as a fundamental component of a strategy to renew and strengthen the APS. Likewise, it was established that PHC plays an important role in coordinating the continuity of care and the flow of information throughout the entire health care system. In this context, and accelerated by this great health crisis that we face, which stagnates the world economy, and therefore the development of countries, where one of the measures to prevent its spread is physical distancing, reflection on what the factors are is born. positives and negatives of the use of ICT in PHC to make a recommendation to PHC in the local environment that allows continuing care for PHC users, improving the quality of life of people and the community. The general objective that guides this bibliographic review is to systematically describe the bibliography that indicates the positive and / or negative factors of the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in primary health care (PHC). And its specific objectives are to review and detail the positive and / or negative factors of the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in primary health care (PHC). The methodology used to develop this document is carried out through documentary research, the technique used being documentary analysis. The contribution of the bibliographic review of the fifteen studies selected in this investigation makes it possible to determine that there are more than twenty-seven positive factors and about sixteen barriers to the use of ICT in primary health care. In relation to the positive factors reviewed and detailed, it stands out; significantly, the quality and safety of the patient in the provision provided, timely access to care through telemedicine, teleconsultation; the high level of resolution among health establishments of different complexity, the traceability that is achieved of patient care through the EHR (Electronic Medical Record), the high capacity for information and communication towards the community; Through well-used ICTs that allow the patient to be trained to achieve self care in health, that data is transformed into information and this in decision-making for patients and users (caregivers and others), groups with common objectives. They achieve knowledge transfer between health professionals and also between users and even both, among others. Regarding the negative factors of the use of ICT in primary health care reviewed and detailed, the main one is the lack of training of the health team in its use and management; lack of technological and financial infrastructure, lack of involvement in government and health authorities, among others. It is concluded that there are greater positive than negative factors in the use of CT in PHC; However, this combination should guarantee the optimal form of its applications in the processes that involve people's health, starting with the government and health leaders committing themselves and being involved in continuous communication and training of the health team; as well as users, so that in this way the use of ICT can be assumed as a productive part of the social dynamics that we live and PHC as the key to maintaining a healthy community.
Notas
Proyecto de título (Magíster en Gestión de Atención Primaria de Salud)
Palabras clave
Tecnología de la Información, Investigaciones, Atención Primaria de Salud, Chile