Hemoparásitos de xenopus laevis, anuro invasor en Chile central
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Fecha
2023
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es
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Licencia CC
Licencia CC
Resumen
La sensibilidad biológica de los anfibios a su entorno ha contribuido a que el 40,7% de las especies se encuentre en alguna categoría de amenaza, debido a diversos factores, entre ellos, especies invasoras como Xenopus laevis. Estas especies afectan tanto al ecosistema como a su fauna al transmitir parásitos que pueden actuar como patógenos. Dichos parásitos tienen la capacidad de regular las poblaciones de sus hospedadores al alterar su eficacia biológica, dependiendo de su virulencia y de la susceptibilidad de las especies. Al mismo tiempo, diversos factores ambientales pueden producir cambios en las poblaciones y comunidades de parásitos, convirtiéndolos en potenciales bioindicadores de la salud de los ecosistemas. Pese a esto y a la diversidad de hemoparásitos que pueden afectar a los anfibios debido a su ciclo de vida bifásico, que los expone a diversos vectores hematófagos, en Chile existe un limitado conocimiento sobre esta temática, siendo prácticamente nulo en el caso de Xenopus laevis. Por esta razón, se llevó a cabo un estudio preliminar para comprender la variación en la riqueza, proporción de individuos infectados e intensidad de infección por hemoparásitos en diferentes poblaciones de X. laevis en la región central de Chile. Para esto, se examinaron al microscopio frotis sanguíneos teñidos con Giemsa de X. laevis provenientes del Jardín Botánico de Viña del Mar y de Calera de Tango de la Región Metropolitana. Se identificaron hemoparásitos Dactylosoma spp. en ambas localidades y Hemogregarinas solo en Viña del Mar, teniendo este último sitio una mayor proporción de individuos infectados e intensidad de infección. Se sugiere que esto podría estar relacionado con una mayor disponibilidad de hospederos intermediarios y la alta actividad antropogénica en la zona. Adicionalmente, se observó una asociación entre el sexo y la infección, teniendo los machos una mayor proporción de infección. Se destaca la necesidad de realizar estudios más amplios con análisis moleculares para una detección precisa de los hemoparásitos, con mayor número de muestras y se recomienda una evaluación integral de indicadores hematológicos, ambientales y parasitológicos.
The biological sensitivity of amphibians to their environment has contributed to 40.7% of species being in some category of threat due to various factors, including invasive species such as Xenopus laevis. These species affect both the ecosystem and its fauna by transmitting parasites that can act as pathogens. These parasites have the ability to regulate the populations of their hosts by altering their biological efficacy, depending on their virulence and the susceptibility of the species. At the same time, various environmental factors can produce changes in parasite populations and communities, making them potential bioindicators of the health of ecosystems. Despite this and the diversity of hemoparasites that can affect amphibians due to their biphasic life cycle, which exposes them to various hematophagous vectors, in Chile there is limited knowledge on this subject, being practically non-existent in the case of Xenopus laevis. For this reason, a preliminary study was carried out to understand the variation in richness, proportion of infected individuals and intensity of infection by hemoparasites in different populations of X. laevis in the central region of Chile. For this, blood smears stained with Giemsa from X. laevis from the Viña del Mar Botanical Garden and Calera de Tango in the Metropolitan Region were examined under a microscope. Hemoparasites Dactylosoma spp. were identified in both locations and Hemogregarines only in Viña del Mar, the latter site having a higher proportion of infected individuals and infection intensity. It is suggested that this could be related to greater availability of intermediate hosts and high anthropogenic activity in the area. Additionally, an association between sex and infection was observed with males having a higher proportion of infection. The need for broader studies with molecular analysis for accurate detection of hemoparasites, with a larger number of samples, is highlighted, and a comprehensive evaluation of hematological, environmental and parasitological indicators is recommended.
The biological sensitivity of amphibians to their environment has contributed to 40.7% of species being in some category of threat due to various factors, including invasive species such as Xenopus laevis. These species affect both the ecosystem and its fauna by transmitting parasites that can act as pathogens. These parasites have the ability to regulate the populations of their hosts by altering their biological efficacy, depending on their virulence and the susceptibility of the species. At the same time, various environmental factors can produce changes in parasite populations and communities, making them potential bioindicators of the health of ecosystems. Despite this and the diversity of hemoparasites that can affect amphibians due to their biphasic life cycle, which exposes them to various hematophagous vectors, in Chile there is limited knowledge on this subject, being practically non-existent in the case of Xenopus laevis. For this reason, a preliminary study was carried out to understand the variation in richness, proportion of infected individuals and intensity of infection by hemoparasites in different populations of X. laevis in the central region of Chile. For this, blood smears stained with Giemsa from X. laevis from the Viña del Mar Botanical Garden and Calera de Tango in the Metropolitan Region were examined under a microscope. Hemoparasites Dactylosoma spp. were identified in both locations and Hemogregarines only in Viña del Mar, the latter site having a higher proportion of infected individuals and infection intensity. It is suggested that this could be related to greater availability of intermediate hosts and high anthropogenic activity in the area. Additionally, an association between sex and infection was observed with males having a higher proportion of infection. The need for broader studies with molecular analysis for accurate detection of hemoparasites, with a larger number of samples, is highlighted, and a comprehensive evaluation of hematological, environmental and parasitological indicators is recommended.
Notas
Tesis (Licenciada en Biología)
Palabras clave
Xenopus Laevis, Anfibios, Parásitos, Organismos Introducidos, Chile.