Optimización de procesos mediante la aplicación de Lean Construction en obras de edificación
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2006
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Resumen
Estudios realizados en los últimos años en Chile, demuestran que un alto porcentaje de
los proyectos no termina en el plazo previsto, aunque se utilizan muchos recursos y de
forma intensiva. Este fenómeno encuentra en parte explicación, debido a que los
recursos no son utilizados de modo eficiente, lo que a largo plazo genera aumentos en
los gastos operacionales (mano de obra, profesionales, maquinarias, equipos, entre
otros) y pérdidas de recursos y materiales.
Estos antecedentes, junto con la realidad de un mercado cada vez más competitivo,
han obligado a las empresas constructoras en Chile a buscar e incorporar en su
gestión, metodologías que ofrezcan planificaciones más confiables que permitan
aumentar la eficiencia y productividad en la ejecución de sus proyectos, lo que
finalmente se traduce en mejoras en los tiempos de ejecución y por ende, menores
costos.
Es dentro de este escenario, donde se enmarca la presente memoria, la cual busca
desarrollar una metodología basada en los principios y postulados de la filosofía Lean
Construction, que permite optimizar los procesos que se llevan a cabo en la
construcción de obras y por ende reducir los plazos de ejecución de este tipo de
proyectos. Para lograr este objetivo en primer término, se realizó una completa revisión
bibliográfica de las principales publicaciones hechas sobre el tema, extrayendo aquellos
tópicos que fueran de utilidad para la elaboración de la metodología propuesta.
Bajo este contexto, posteriormente se plantea un esquema cuya aplicación permite
resolver exitosamente los problemas de planificación de la producción, control de los
procesos ejecutados en terreno, coordinación y dependencia de los distintos entes
participantes en la ejecución de la obra gruesa de una edificación en altura, lo que en su
conjunto se traduce en un mejoramiento global en el desempeño del proyecto.
Studies accomplished of late years at Chile, they prove that a loud percentage of the projects does not finish in the foreseen term, although they utilize many resources and of intensive form. This phenomenon finds explanation in part, because resources are not used in an efficient way, that in the long run generates increases in operating expenses workers, professionals, machineries, teams, between other ones ) and resources losses and materials. These background, along with the reality of a more and more competitive market, they have forced the construction firms at Chile to search and incorporating in his step, methodologies that offer more reliable plannings that they enable increasing the efficiency and productivity in the execution of his projects, what finally is translated in improvements in the times of execution and as a consequence, minor costs. Is in this scene, where it is delimited present it memory, which attempts to develop a methodology based in the beginnings and postulated of philosophy Lean Construction, the fact that it allows optimizing the processes that take effect at the construction of works and for there reducing the terms of execution of this type of projects. In order to achieve this objective in the first instance, a complete bibliographic revision of the principal publications made on the theme, extracting those topics that go from utility for the elaboration of the proposed methodology came true. Under this context, at a later time a scheme it enables whose application solving the problems of planning of production, control of the processes executed at lot, coordination and dependence of the several participating entities in the execution of the coarse work of an edification in height successfully comes into question, that in aggregate results in a global improvement in the performance of the project.
Studies accomplished of late years at Chile, they prove that a loud percentage of the projects does not finish in the foreseen term, although they utilize many resources and of intensive form. This phenomenon finds explanation in part, because resources are not used in an efficient way, that in the long run generates increases in operating expenses workers, professionals, machineries, teams, between other ones ) and resources losses and materials. These background, along with the reality of a more and more competitive market, they have forced the construction firms at Chile to search and incorporating in his step, methodologies that offer more reliable plannings that they enable increasing the efficiency and productivity in the execution of his projects, what finally is translated in improvements in the times of execution and as a consequence, minor costs. Is in this scene, where it is delimited present it memory, which attempts to develop a methodology based in the beginnings and postulated of philosophy Lean Construction, the fact that it allows optimizing the processes that take effect at the construction of works and for there reducing the terms of execution of this type of projects. In order to achieve this objective in the first instance, a complete bibliographic revision of the principal publications made on the theme, extracting those topics that go from utility for the elaboration of the proposed methodology came true. Under this context, at a later time a scheme it enables whose application solving the problems of planning of production, control of the processes executed at lot, coordination and dependence of the several participating entities in the execution of the coarse work of an edification in height successfully comes into question, that in aggregate results in a global improvement in the performance of the project.
Notas
Tesis (Ingeniero Constructor)
Palabras clave
Proyectos de Construcción, Administración, Industria de la Construcción, Control de Producción