Evaluación del desempeño energético e impacto ambiental de una vivienda unifamiliar a partir de la metodología simplificada de análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV)
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Fecha
2022
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es
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Licencia CC
Licencia CC
Resumen
Actualmente en Chile, alrededor de un 70% del parque habitacional no cumple con las
exigencias de acondicionamiento térmico decretadas por la OGUC, destinándose más
del 50% de la demanda energética anual únicamente a la generación de calefacción y
refrigeración. La presente investigación examinó el desempeño energético y ambiental
de una vivienda unifamiliar de carácter social, característica de la arquitectura chilena,
sujeta a rehabilitación térmica. La metodología de trabajo comprendió el estudio de los
parámetros climáticos vinculados al confort térmico, el concepto de balance energético,
y las expresiones algebraicas que determinan las demandas energéticas bajo régimen
estacionario. Posteriormente, se estudió la reglamentación térmica vigente, además de
su respectiva propuesta de actualización, dando paso al estudio de la metodología de
análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV) aplicada a la edificación. A continuación, se analizaron
dos escenarios mejorados a partir de la vivienda de referencia, alcanzando consumos
energéticos anules de 182,6 [kWh/m2
] y 128,7 [kWh/m2
] disminuyendo en un 22% y 45%
el consumo referencial. En cuanto a desempeño energético y ambiental, se obtuvieron
indicadores de demanda energética acumulada (CED) de 11640,2 [kWh/m2
] y 10224,5
[kWh/m2
] y potencial de calentamiento global (GWP) de 3131,3 [kgCO2eq/m2
] y 2813,0
[kgCO2eq/m2
] para una vida útil de 50 años respectivamente, evitándose la generación
de 11,9 [tCO2] y 23,2 [tCO2] debido al ahorro energético de 50,9 [MWh] y 102,9 [MWh].
Finalmente, se demostró que la implementación integral de aislación térmica en toda la
envolvente de la vivienda mejora el desempeño energético y ambiental, reduciendo los
consumos energéticos y emisiones contaminantes globales.
Currently in Chile, about 70% of the housing stock does not comply with the thermal conditioning requirements decreed by the OGUC, allocating more than 50% of the annual energy demand only to heating and cooling generation. This research examined the energy and environmental performance of a single–family social housing, characteristic of Chilean architecture, subject to thermal rehabilitation. The methodology included the study of climatic parameters related to thermal comfort, the concept of energy balance, and the algebraic expressions that determine the energy demands under steady state conditions. Subsequently, the current thermal regulations were studied, as well as their respective proposal for updating, giving way to the study of the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology applied to buildings. Then, two improved scenarios were analyzed based on the reference house, reaching an annual energy consumption of 182,6 [kWh/m2 ] and 128,7 [kWh/m2 ], reducing the reference consumption by 22% and 45%. In terms of energy and environmental performance, cumulative energy demand indicators (CED) of 11640,2 [kWh/m2 ] and 10224,5 [kWh/m2 ] and global warming potential (GWP) of 3131,3 [kgCO2eq/m2 ] and 2813,0 [kgCO2eq/m2 ] for a useful life of 50 years respectively, avoiding the generation of 11,9 [tCO2] and 23,2 [tCO2] due to energy savings of 50,9 [MWh] and 102,9 [MWh]. Finally, it was demonstrated that the integral implementation of thermal insulation in the entire housing envelope improves energy and environmental performance, reducing energy consumption and global polluting emissions.
Currently in Chile, about 70% of the housing stock does not comply with the thermal conditioning requirements decreed by the OGUC, allocating more than 50% of the annual energy demand only to heating and cooling generation. This research examined the energy and environmental performance of a single–family social housing, characteristic of Chilean architecture, subject to thermal rehabilitation. The methodology included the study of climatic parameters related to thermal comfort, the concept of energy balance, and the algebraic expressions that determine the energy demands under steady state conditions. Subsequently, the current thermal regulations were studied, as well as their respective proposal for updating, giving way to the study of the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology applied to buildings. Then, two improved scenarios were analyzed based on the reference house, reaching an annual energy consumption of 182,6 [kWh/m2 ] and 128,7 [kWh/m2 ], reducing the reference consumption by 22% and 45%. In terms of energy and environmental performance, cumulative energy demand indicators (CED) of 11640,2 [kWh/m2 ] and 10224,5 [kWh/m2 ] and global warming potential (GWP) of 3131,3 [kgCO2eq/m2 ] and 2813,0 [kgCO2eq/m2 ] for a useful life of 50 years respectively, avoiding the generation of 11,9 [tCO2] and 23,2 [tCO2] due to energy savings of 50,9 [MWh] and 102,9 [MWh]. Finally, it was demonstrated that the integral implementation of thermal insulation in the entire housing envelope improves energy and environmental performance, reducing energy consumption and global polluting emissions.
Notas
Tesis (Ingeniero en Construcción)
Palabras clave
Viviendas Unifamiliares, Aspectos Ambientales, Eficiencia Energética.