Determinación de la ingesta de alimento y vacuna oral en salmón del Atlántico (salmo salar) utilizando un trazador isotópico
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Fecha
2018
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Profesor/a Guía
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Idioma
es
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Licencia CC
Licencia CC
Resumen
La salmonicultura es una de las principales actividades económicas chilenas. El cultivo del Salmón del Atlántico (Salmo Salar) nos ha posicionado como el segundo país productor luego de Noruega.
La alimentación y la vacunación representan un alto porcentaje de los costos de producción.
La eficiencia de alimentación se determina a través del factor de conversión de alimento (FCR), que relaciona cantidad de alimento administrado con la engorda del pez, sin embargo, no permite conocer cuánto alimento es consumido realmente por el pez. Conocer la ingesta de alimentos permitiría mejorar la composición de éstos, lo cual disminuiría los costos económicos ya que se maximizaría el uso del alimento por los peces reduciendo la cantidad de alimento que no es consumido y que se acumula en el fondo marino, contaminando el medioambiente.
Por otro lado, el principal sistema de administración de vacunas es por inyección, ya que este sistema, asegura la vacunación de peces con una dosis conocida y estimula una respuesta inmune prolongada. No obstante, causa daño al filete, estrés y ocasionalmente la muerte del pez. La vacunación oral, por otra parte, no provoca estrés a los peces ni daño al filete. A pesar de que es el método óptimo de administración, esta vía no permite determinar si los peces están siendo vacunados y con qué dosis. Conocer la ingesta de las vacunas orales permitiría determinar la dosis efectiva, así como conocer los órganos donde se aloja el antígeno, entre otros.
En esta tesis se presentan las bases para el desarrollo de una metodología que permite cuantificar ingesta de tratamientos orales, utilizando un trazador isotópico en alimento o patógenos como el virus de la necrosis pancreática infecciosa (IPNV) (Patógeno modelo utilizado en esta investigación). Los resultados indican que el trazador administrado en el alimento puede ser pesquisado en todo el pez tras una alimentación con alimento-15N, permitiendo conocer su distribución en el organismo y la eficiencia de uso del alimento (EUA) en todo el pez como en cada órgano o sección analizada, destacando músculo y tracto gastrointestinal. Por otra parte, se logró marcar IPNV con el trazador e inactivarlo para su uso en estudios posteriores donde se podría evaluar su ingesta, distribución y absorción en el organismo.
Salmon farming is one of the central Chilean economic activities. The farming of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar) has positioned us as the second producer country following Norway. The higher percentage of production costs in aquaculture are feeding and vaccination. Feeding efficiency is determined through the feed conversion factor (FCR), which relates the quantity of feed administered with the fattening of the fish, however, FCR does not give information about the effective consumption of food by the fish. Knowing the food intake would improve the composition of these, which would reduce the economic costs since it would maximize the use of the food by the fish reducing the amount of food that is not consumed and that accumulates on the seabed, contaminating the environment. On the other hand, vaccines in aquaculture are mainly administered by injection, since this system ensures the vaccination of fish with a known dose and stimulates a prolonged immune response. However, it causes damage to the fillet, stress and occasionally the death of the fish. Oral vaccination, on the other hand does not cause stress to the fish or damage to the fillet. Although it is the optimal method of administration, this route does not allow to determine if the fish are being vaccinated and at what dose. Knowing the intake of oral vaccines would allow to determine the effective dose, as well as to know the organs where the antigen is lodged, among others. This thesis presents the bases for the development of a methodology that allows quantifying the intake of oral treatments, using an isotopic tracer in food or pathogens such as the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) (Pathogen model used in this research). The results indicate that the tracer administered in the food can be detected in the whole fish after a feeding with food-15N, allowing to know its distribution in the organism and the efficiency of use of food (EUF) in the whole fish as in each organ or section analyzed, highlighting muscle and gastrointestinal tract. On the other hand, it was possible to labelled IPNV with the tracer and inactivate it for use in subsequent studies where their intake, distribution and absorption in the organism could be evaluated.
Salmon farming is one of the central Chilean economic activities. The farming of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar) has positioned us as the second producer country following Norway. The higher percentage of production costs in aquaculture are feeding and vaccination. Feeding efficiency is determined through the feed conversion factor (FCR), which relates the quantity of feed administered with the fattening of the fish, however, FCR does not give information about the effective consumption of food by the fish. Knowing the food intake would improve the composition of these, which would reduce the economic costs since it would maximize the use of the food by the fish reducing the amount of food that is not consumed and that accumulates on the seabed, contaminating the environment. On the other hand, vaccines in aquaculture are mainly administered by injection, since this system ensures the vaccination of fish with a known dose and stimulates a prolonged immune response. However, it causes damage to the fillet, stress and occasionally the death of the fish. Oral vaccination, on the other hand does not cause stress to the fish or damage to the fillet. Although it is the optimal method of administration, this route does not allow to determine if the fish are being vaccinated and at what dose. Knowing the intake of oral vaccines would allow to determine the effective dose, as well as to know the organs where the antigen is lodged, among others. This thesis presents the bases for the development of a methodology that allows quantifying the intake of oral treatments, using an isotopic tracer in food or pathogens such as the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) (Pathogen model used in this research). The results indicate that the tracer administered in the food can be detected in the whole fish after a feeding with food-15N, allowing to know its distribution in the organism and the efficiency of use of food (EUF) in the whole fish as in each organ or section analyzed, highlighting muscle and gastrointestinal tract. On the other hand, it was possible to labelled IPNV with the tracer and inactivate it for use in subsequent studies where their intake, distribution and absorption in the organism could be evaluated.
Notas
Tesis (Magíster en Biotecnología)
Palabras clave
Salmón, Alimentación y Alimentos, Vacunación, Salmonicultura