Caracterización térmico energética en Designbuilder de la envolvente térmica de muros exteriores de una vivienda unifamiliar, considerando el uso de materiales innovadores de construcción : A.A.C., P.C.M. y C.L.T
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2023
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es
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Resumen
La técnica constructiva empleada en la envolvente térmica de una vivienda determina en gran medida el grado de eficiencia energética y el perfil térmico que se desarrolla al interior de ella. Las viviendas en Chile utilizan principalmente como materiales de construcción: la albañilería de ladrillo, cuya distribución nacional alcanza un 33% de viviendas, el hormigón, material predominante a nivel nacional, alcanza un 43% de viviendas, y la madera con una fuerte presencia en la zona sur alcanza un 17% del total nacional (Centro UC de Innovación en Madera, 2019). En cuanto a la demanda energética alcanzada por las viviendas construidas con los materiales previamente mencionados, en la zona centro y sur se alcanzan demandas en calefacción del orden de los 60 kWh/m2/año a 140 kWh/m2/año (García & González, 2014), y en la zona norte entre los 15 kWh/m2/año y 90 kWh/m2/año (Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, 2018). Con el propósito de evaluar
alternativas constructivas que logren reducir la demanda energética en Chile, en la presente tesis se realizará una caracterización térmico-energética de tres materiales de construcción innovadores: Aerated Autoclaved Concrete, Cross Laminated Timber y Phase Change Materials, dadas sus propiedades térmicas y excelentes resultados obtenidos en la reducción de la demanda energética, citando como ejemplo los estudios de Al-Naghi et al. (2020) se
logra un 58% de reducción de la demanda con AAC (caso Arabia Saudita), Bournique (2016) alcanzó un 60% de reducción del consumo energético con CLT (caso Nueva Zelanda) y Sarabia (2020) obtuvo un 34% de ahorro en consumo energético con PCM (caso Chile).
Para desarrollar esta tesis se empleará el software DesignBuilder efectuando simulaciones energéticas y utilizando el AAC, CLT y PCM como materiales constructivos de la envolvente térmica de muros de una vivienda unifamiliar aislada, ubicada en tres ciudades de Chile: Arica, Santiago y Osorno, lo anterior con el fin de comparar las demandas energéticas y las temperaturas operativas entre estos materiales y los materiales convencionales utilizados actualmente en construcción, determinando el nivel de ahorro energético y el confort térmico. El desempeño térmico-energético que muestra el AAC, CLT y PCM respecto de los materiales convencionales evidencian una reducción en las demandas energéticas de la vivienda en estudio: en la ciudad de Arica el caso base alcanza una demanda de 17,5 kWh/m2/año en calefacción y 11,3 kWh/m2/año en refrigeración. Al comparar estos resultados respecto de los casos de estudio se observa un ahorro en calefacción de un 52,6% para el AAC, un 44,6% para el CLT y un 27,4% para el PCM incorporado. En refrigeración solo el caso de estudio con PCM alcanza un ahorro de un 33,6, mientras que el AAC como el CLT presentan un aumento de un 15,9% y un 10,6% respectivamente, En la ciudad de
Santiago, para el AAC, CLT y PCM se alcanzaron ahorros en calefacción del 29%, 25% y 17%, respectivamente, en relación al caso base, y en refrigeración se consiguió un ahorro de un 6,3% para el AAC, un 10,2% para el CLT y un 13,6% para el PCM. Por último, en la ciudad de Osorno se observa un escenario desfavorable en términos energéticos, ya que a partir de las simulaciones con estos materiales, ninguno de ellos logró reducciones significativas en las demandas energéticas. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se deduce que una adecuada envolvente térmica se traduce en una estrategia de diseño pasivo con óptimos resultados en ahorro energético.
The construction technique used in the thermal envelope of a home largely determines the degree of energy efficiency and the thermal profile that develops inside it. Homes in Chile mainly use as construction materials: brick masonry, whose national distribution reaches 33% of homes, concrete, the predominant material nationwide, reaches 43% of homes, and wood with a strong presence in the southern zone reaches 17% of the national total (UC Centro de Innovación en Madera, 2019). Regarding the energy demand reached by the houses built with the previously mentioned materials, in the central and southern zone heating demands of the order of 60 kWh/m2/year to 140 kWh/m2/year are reached (García & González, 2014), and in the northern zone between 15 kWh/m2/year and 90 kWh/m2/year (Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, 2018). With the purpose of evaluating constructive alternatives that manage to reduce the energy demand in Chile, in this thesis a thermal-energy characterization of three innovative construction materials will be carried out: Aerated Autoclaved Concrete, Cross Laminated Timber and Phase Change Materials, given their thermal properties. and excellent results obtained in reducing energy demand, citing the studies by Al-Naghi et al. (2020) achieved a 58% reduction in demand with AAC (Saudi Arabia case), Bournique (2016) achieved a 60% reduction in energy consumption with CLT (New Zealand case) and Sarabia (2020) obtained 34%. savings in energy consumption with PCM (Chile case). To develop this thesis, the DesignBuilder software will be used, carrying out energy simulations and using AAC, CLT and PCM as construction materials for the thermal envelope of walls of an isolated single-family house, located in three cities in Chile: Arica, Santiago and Osorno, the above with in order to compare the energy demands and operating temperatures between these materials and the conventional materials currently used in construction, determining the level of energy savings and thermal comfort. The thermalenergy performance shown by the AAC, CLT and PCM with respect to conventional materials show a reduction in the energy demands of the dwelling under study: in the city of Arica the base case reaches a demand of 17.5 kWh/m2/year in heating and 11.3 kWh/m2/year in cooling. When comparing these results with respect to the study cases, a saving in heating of 52.6% is observed for the AAC, 44.6% for the CLT and 27.4% for the incorporated PCM. In refrigeration, only the case study with PCM achieves a saving of 33.6, while the AAC and the CLT present an increase of 15.9% and 10.6% respectively. In the city of Santiago, for the AAC, CLT and PCM, savings of 29%, 25% and 17%, respectively, were achieved in heating, according to the base case, and in cooling a saving of 6.3% was achieved for AAC, 10, 2% for the CLT and 13.6% for the PCM. Finally, in the city of Osorno an unfavorable scenario is observed in energy terms, since from the simulations with these materials, none of them achieved significant reductions in energy demands. From the results obtained, it can be deduced that an adequate thermal envelope translates into a passive design strategy with optimal results in energy savings.
The construction technique used in the thermal envelope of a home largely determines the degree of energy efficiency and the thermal profile that develops inside it. Homes in Chile mainly use as construction materials: brick masonry, whose national distribution reaches 33% of homes, concrete, the predominant material nationwide, reaches 43% of homes, and wood with a strong presence in the southern zone reaches 17% of the national total (UC Centro de Innovación en Madera, 2019). Regarding the energy demand reached by the houses built with the previously mentioned materials, in the central and southern zone heating demands of the order of 60 kWh/m2/year to 140 kWh/m2/year are reached (García & González, 2014), and in the northern zone between 15 kWh/m2/year and 90 kWh/m2/year (Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, 2018). With the purpose of evaluating constructive alternatives that manage to reduce the energy demand in Chile, in this thesis a thermal-energy characterization of three innovative construction materials will be carried out: Aerated Autoclaved Concrete, Cross Laminated Timber and Phase Change Materials, given their thermal properties. and excellent results obtained in reducing energy demand, citing the studies by Al-Naghi et al. (2020) achieved a 58% reduction in demand with AAC (Saudi Arabia case), Bournique (2016) achieved a 60% reduction in energy consumption with CLT (New Zealand case) and Sarabia (2020) obtained 34%. savings in energy consumption with PCM (Chile case). To develop this thesis, the DesignBuilder software will be used, carrying out energy simulations and using AAC, CLT and PCM as construction materials for the thermal envelope of walls of an isolated single-family house, located in three cities in Chile: Arica, Santiago and Osorno, the above with in order to compare the energy demands and operating temperatures between these materials and the conventional materials currently used in construction, determining the level of energy savings and thermal comfort. The thermalenergy performance shown by the AAC, CLT and PCM with respect to conventional materials show a reduction in the energy demands of the dwelling under study: in the city of Arica the base case reaches a demand of 17.5 kWh/m2/year in heating and 11.3 kWh/m2/year in cooling. When comparing these results with respect to the study cases, a saving in heating of 52.6% is observed for the AAC, 44.6% for the CLT and 27.4% for the incorporated PCM. In refrigeration, only the case study with PCM achieves a saving of 33.6, while the AAC and the CLT present an increase of 15.9% and 10.6% respectively. In the city of Santiago, for the AAC, CLT and PCM, savings of 29%, 25% and 17%, respectively, were achieved in heating, according to the base case, and in cooling a saving of 6.3% was achieved for AAC, 10, 2% for the CLT and 13.6% for the PCM. Finally, in the city of Osorno an unfavorable scenario is observed in energy terms, since from the simulations with these materials, none of them achieved significant reductions in energy demands. From the results obtained, it can be deduced that an adequate thermal envelope translates into a passive design strategy with optimal results in energy savings.
Notas
Memoria de Título (Ingeniero Civil)
Palabras clave
Climatización, Viviendas, Calefacción y Ventilación, Materiales de Construcción, Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Industria de la Construcción, Modelos Matemáticos, Chile.