Effects of landscape anthropization on the interspecific transmission of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes in guignas (Leopardus guigna) of Chile
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Fecha
2019
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Idioma
en
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Licencia CC
Licencia CC
Resumen
Landscape anthropization has been identified as one of the main drivers of biodiversity
loss and pathogen emergence. Human occupation of natural areas increases the wildlifedomestic interface facilitating circulation of pathogens between wildlife, domestic
animals and human beings. Likewise, human-dominated landscapes accumulate
compounds of human origin such as antimicrobial resistance genes that may be detected
in wild species that inhabit in these areas.
The present study analyzed the effects of landscape anthropization in pathogen
composition in guignas (Leopardus guigna) across their entire distribution range in Chile.
Interspecific transmission of feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency
virus (FIV), haemotropic Mycoplasma and Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 (CPPV) between
guignas (n=102 guignas for FeLV, FIV and hemoplasma analysis and n=98 guignas for
CPPV analysis) and domestic cats (n=262) was evaluated, modelling possible
transmission pathways and landscape drivers associated with infection and conducting
phylogenetic analysis. Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) prevalence and
quantification in wild guignas (n=51) was analyzed through molecular methods.
Prevalence of FeLV was higher than prevalence of FIV (20% vs 3%), with almost
identical prevalences in guignas and domestic cats (FeLV=20.6% vs 20.2%; FIV=3.0%
both species). FeLV prevalence was higher in guignas inhabiting fragmented landscapes
(29.8%) when compared with those from more pristine areas (6.0%). Phylogenetic
analysis showed high nucleotide similarity between viral sequences obtained from both
species. Higher prevalences of FeLV in guignas from fragmented landscapes where
domestic cats are presents, along with high genetic similarity between guignas and
domestic cat viral sequences, suggest potential interspecific transmission of FeLV
between both species. Prevalence of CPPV was higher in guignas (13.3%) than in
domestic cats (6.1%), although no landscape variable was significantly related with infection in guignas. However, a sequence with high nucleotide similarity with Canine
Parvovirus 2c viral type was found in one guigna, one domestic cat and sequences from
South American domestic dogs from GenBank database and suggests possible
interspecific transmission of this pathogen between domestic and wild species.
Hemoplasma infection was found to be common and geographically widespread across
the study area both in guigna and domestic cats. The three hemoplasma species known to
infect felids (Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (15.7% guigna; 10.3% domestic
cat), C. M. turicensis (0.38% domestic cat) and M. haemofelis (9.8% guigna, 6.1%
domestic cat) were found, as well as a previously undescribed hemoplasma species shared
between guignas, domestic cats and the Darwin’s fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) (1.9% guigna,
0.38% domestic cat). Contrary to our hypothesis, continuous forest was associated with
higher hemoplasma prevalence in guigna (39.4% continuous forest vs 15.9% fragmented
landscape) without domestic cat participation. However, high nucleotide similarity was
found among some guignas and domestic cat hemoplasma sequences, indicating that
cross-species transmission between both species may occur but is probably uncommon.
Finally, landscape anthropization was related to a higher prevalence (tetracycline
family (p=0.027), tet(Q) (p=0.014), tet(W) (p=0.0037)) and multiresistant microbiomes
(p=0.043)) and quantification (tet(W) (p=0.004)) of antimicrobial resistance genes in
guignas. Additionally, mecA, a gene (associated with methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus) and blaCTX-M, an extended-spectrum β-lactamase, both relevant
causes of nosocomial infections worldwide, were found in guignas inhabiting fragmented
landscapes, suggesting that ARGs may be used as indicators of wildlife exposure to
human activities in large-scale studies
This study provides valuable information regarding how human landscape
transformation (anthropization) may affect pathogen spillover between wildlife and
domestic animals, and ARGs environmental-dissemination. The use of the guigna as a study model has some limitations mainly related to the
difficulty of sampling this elusive felid and the need to perform large-scale studies due to
its high vagility. However, the results showed that a highly adaptable top carnivore
species, the guigna, may be a useful indicator of the effects of landscape anthropization
in the wildlife-domestic animal-environment interface.
Notas
Tesis (Doctora en Medicina de la Conservación)
Entidades que han financiado este proyecto CONICYT FONDECYT Iniciación 11150934, Morris Animal Foundation (MAF) Fellowship Training Award D15ZO-413, National Geographic Society Conservation Trust C309-15, Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund 152510351, 2018 Endeavour Research Fellowship (Australian government), CONICYT PIA APOYO CCTE AFB170008, the Wild Felid Association, Fondo Interno UNAB DI-- 23 - 778- 15/R, Morris Animal Foundation D16Z-825, and CONICYT FONDECYT Regular 1161593.
Entidades que han financiado este proyecto CONICYT FONDECYT Iniciación 11150934, Morris Animal Foundation (MAF) Fellowship Training Award D15ZO-413, National Geographic Society Conservation Trust C309-15, Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund 152510351, 2018 Endeavour Research Fellowship (Australian government), CONICYT PIA APOYO CCTE AFB170008, the Wild Felid Association, Fondo Interno UNAB DI-- 23 - 778- 15/R, Morris Animal Foundation D16Z-825, and CONICYT FONDECYT Regular 1161593.
Palabras clave
Huiña, Investigaciones, Farmacorresistencia Microbiana, Antropización del Paisaje, Chile