Creación y validación de una batería para la evaluación de los precursores del lenguaje en niños de 0 a 12 meses residentes en Santiago de Chile
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Fecha
2017
Profesor/a Guía
Facultad/escuela
Idioma
es
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Editor
Universidad Andrés Bello
Nombre de Curso
Licencia CC
Licencia CC
Resumen
El lenguaje por su relevancia en el desarrollo humano, ha sido motivo de estudio
desde los inicios del conocimiento, se ha hecho importante no solo entender su desarrollo y
evolución, sino también los factores que influyen y promueven su gestación, considerando los
signos que pueden alertar de forma temprana la perturbación en su adquisición. Es común
encontrar amplias investigaciones y estudios sobre el desarrollo de éste, desde el comienzo de su
formación, durante la primera infancia, y hasta su finalización en la etapa adulta, sin embargo,
existe escasa información acerca de herramientas que nos permitan determinar indicadores que
pronostiquen y detecten desviaciones en las bases neurobiológicas que sustentan el comienzo del
proceso de adquisición y desarrollo, es decir, en la etapa de la lactancia menor y mayor. Es por
ello que se establece la necesidad imperiosa de contar con instrumentos que permitan evaluar en
forma certera, los precursores que sustentaran las bases de un óptimo desarrollo lingüístico, y, en
consecuencia, contar con herramientas validadas que permitan determinar, en forma temprana,
predictores del desarrollo del lenguaje en el futuro del niño. Objetivo: Validar una batería de
evaluación de Precursores del lenguaje en niños chilenos de 0 a 12 meses, residentes en Santiago
de Chile, evaluados durante el año 2017. Materiales y Método: Investigación de tipo
transversal, de recolección de datos en un solo momento, en un tiempo único, con enfoque
cuantitativo, las variables fueron medidas y analizadas bajo métodos estadísticos para la
extracción de las respectivas conclusiones. Sus alcances son de tipo exploratorio porque
examinaron un problema de investigación poco estudiado, cuya finalidad fue la creación de un
nuevo contenido, es descriptivo pues buscó describir el proceso de creación de una batería de
evaluación, pudiendo apreciarse la discrepancia y concordancia que existió entre
Fonoaudiólogos expertos que analizaron los resultados de la aplicación de la batería. El fin
último de la investigación, fue la creación de una batería de evaluación de precursores del
lenguaje. Dicha batería fue implementada en una población de 20 niños entre 0 y 12 meses de
edad, residentes en la región metropolitana de Santiago de Chile sin comorbilidades
diagnosticadas médicamente, seleccionados por un tipo de muestreo no probabilístico puesto
que la muestra fue escogida por conveniencia. Resultados: el estudio realizado con la
colaboración total de 11 fonoaudiólogos expertos, se obtiene la valoración de 47 indicadores de
Precursores del Lenguaje en 20 niños, divididos en 5 rangos etarios, los cuales son: 0-3 meses,
4-6 meses, 7-9 meses y 10-12 meses. Podemos observar el desempeño de cada niño por
indicador propuesto en cada rango y los niveles de concordancia y discrepancia obtenidos a
partir de la puntuación otorgada en el análisis de cada experto. Conclusión: En la totalidad de la
muestra, de los 47 indicadores, fueron 45 en los cuales los expertos lograron más de un 60 % de
concordancia, en cada uno de ellos la discrepancia entre los codificadores fue mayor al
porcentaje mínimo que se exige para poder validar la batería. Esta investigación buscó dar
solución a la problemática planteada desde el inicio, es decir, diseñar una batería de evaluación
que permita ser aplicada por fonoaudiólogos, para niños chilenos de 0 a 12 meses, con alto grado
de concordancia en la forma de puntuación y valoración de los indicadores presentes o ausentes
durante la evaluación.
The language for its relevance in human development, has been the subject of study since the beginning of knowledge, is also important in their knowledge and evolution, but also the factors that influence their pregnancy, the signs that can alert early the disturbance in its acquisition. It is true that there are research and studies on the development of this, from the beginning of its formation, during the last childhood, and until its completion in the adult stage, however, there is information about the tools that allow us to determine the indicators that they predict and detect deviations in the neurobiological bases that support the beginning of the acquisition and development process, that is, in the stage of minor and major lactation. It is for this reason that there is an urgent need to have instruments that allow an accurate evaluation of the precursors that will sustain the foundations of an optimal linguistic development, and, consequently, to have valuation tools that will enable predictors to be determined early. of language development in the future of the child. Objective: Validate a battery of evaluation of Language Precursors in Chilean children from 0 to 12 months, residents in Santiago de Chile, evaluated during the year 2017. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional research, data collection in a single moment, in a single time, with a quantitative approach, the variables was measured and analyzed under statistical methods for the extraction of the respective conclusions. Its scopes are exploratory because they examined a research problem little studied, whose purpose was the creation of a new content, and it is descriptive because it sought to describe the process of creating an evaluation battery, being able to appreciate the discrepancy and agreement that existed between Phonoaudiologists experts who analyzed the results of the battery application. The ultimate goal of the research was the creation of a battery for the evaluation of language precursors. This battery was implemented in a population of 20 children between 0 and 12 months of age, residents in the metropolitan region of Santiago de Chile without medically diagnosed comorbidities, selected by a non-probabilistic type of sampling since the sample was chosen for convenience. Results: the study conducted with the total collaboration of 11 expert phonoaudiologists, we obtain the assessment of 47 indicators of Language Precursors in 20 children, divided into 5 age ranges, which are: 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7 -9 months and 10-12 months. We can observe the performance of each child per indicator proposed in each range and the levels of agreement and discrepancy obtained from the score given in the analysis of each expert. Conclusion: In the total sample, of the 47 indicators, there were 45 in which the experts achieved more than 60% agreement, in each of them the discrepancy between the coders was greater than the minimum percentage required to be able to validate the battery. This research sought to solve the problem posed from the beginning, that is, design an evaluation battery that can be applied by phonoaudiologists, for Chilean children from 0 to 12 months, with a high degree of agreement in the form of scoring and assessment of the indicators present or absent during the evaluation.
The language for its relevance in human development, has been the subject of study since the beginning of knowledge, is also important in their knowledge and evolution, but also the factors that influence their pregnancy, the signs that can alert early the disturbance in its acquisition. It is true that there are research and studies on the development of this, from the beginning of its formation, during the last childhood, and until its completion in the adult stage, however, there is information about the tools that allow us to determine the indicators that they predict and detect deviations in the neurobiological bases that support the beginning of the acquisition and development process, that is, in the stage of minor and major lactation. It is for this reason that there is an urgent need to have instruments that allow an accurate evaluation of the precursors that will sustain the foundations of an optimal linguistic development, and, consequently, to have valuation tools that will enable predictors to be determined early. of language development in the future of the child. Objective: Validate a battery of evaluation of Language Precursors in Chilean children from 0 to 12 months, residents in Santiago de Chile, evaluated during the year 2017. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional research, data collection in a single moment, in a single time, with a quantitative approach, the variables was measured and analyzed under statistical methods for the extraction of the respective conclusions. Its scopes are exploratory because they examined a research problem little studied, whose purpose was the creation of a new content, and it is descriptive because it sought to describe the process of creating an evaluation battery, being able to appreciate the discrepancy and agreement that existed between Phonoaudiologists experts who analyzed the results of the battery application. The ultimate goal of the research was the creation of a battery for the evaluation of language precursors. This battery was implemented in a population of 20 children between 0 and 12 months of age, residents in the metropolitan region of Santiago de Chile without medically diagnosed comorbidities, selected by a non-probabilistic type of sampling since the sample was chosen for convenience. Results: the study conducted with the total collaboration of 11 expert phonoaudiologists, we obtain the assessment of 47 indicators of Language Precursors in 20 children, divided into 5 age ranges, which are: 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7 -9 months and 10-12 months. We can observe the performance of each child per indicator proposed in each range and the levels of agreement and discrepancy obtained from the score given in the analysis of each expert. Conclusion: In the total sample, of the 47 indicators, there were 45 in which the experts achieved more than 60% agreement, in each of them the discrepancy between the coders was greater than the minimum percentage required to be able to validate the battery. This research sought to solve the problem posed from the beginning, that is, design an evaluation battery that can be applied by phonoaudiologists, for Chilean children from 0 to 12 months, with a high degree of agreement in the form of scoring and assessment of the indicators present or absent during the evaluation.
Notas
Tesis (Fonoaudiología)
Palabras clave
Desarrollo del Lenguaje En Lactancia y Niñez, Motivación temprana, Estudio de proceso y adquisición del lenguaje, Indicadores de medición operativa, Chile