Alteraciones psicomotoras en niños preescolares con trastornos específicos del lenguaje
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Archivos
Fecha
2017
Profesor/a Guía
Facultad/escuela
Idioma
es
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Andrés Bello
Nombre de Curso
Licencia CC
Licencia CC
Resumen
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar las alteraciones en
el desarrollo psicomotor en niños preescolares que cursan primer y segundo nivel de
transición con diagnóstico de TEL de las comunas de Cerrillos, Quinta Normal, Maipú y
Padre Hurtado, de la región Metropolitana. Procedimientos: Se seleccionó una muestra
de 143 alumnos se sexo femenino y masculino de 4 y 5 años de edad, con TEL de tipo
expresivo y mixto de severidad leve, moderada y severa, información que fue
corroborada en las fichas de ingreso de cada preescolar con previa autorización de los
apoderados y directoras de las escuelas. Además, se contó con un certificado de
evaluación médica de las especialidades Medicina Familiar, Pediatría o Neurología, que
señalaban que los niños estaban clínicamente sanos. Por otra parte, para comprobar la
ausencia de pérdida auditiva en los alumnos, se le realizó a cada uno una audiometría
para excluir a quien tuviera algún grado de hipoacusia. Posteriormente, para determinar
el desarrollo psicomotor de los preescolares, los investigadores aplicaron el “Inventario
de Desarrollo Batelle – Prueba Screening”, que evalúa habilidades en desarrollo y de
diagnóstico en niños de hasta 8 años de edad, sin deficiencias e identifica a los que
presentan retraso en las áreas; personal /social, conducta adaptativa, cognición, motriz
y comunicación, en un tiempo de 20 a 30 minutos aproximadamente. Resultados: En el
área de comunicación receptiva para ambos tipos de TEL, no presentaron un
desempeño calificado como alto en tareas de comprensión. Los niños de 4 y 5 años para
ambos tipos de TEL se encontraron dentro de la normalidad, solo los niños de 5 años
con TEL expresivo mostraron un desempeño significativamente más bajo. En relación a
desarrollo psicomotor y la severidad de TEL los grupos de 4 y 5 años con TEL severo
mostraron un desempeño deficiente. En cuanto al área de motricidad gruesa los niños
de 4 y 5 años presentaron bajo rendimiento en esta habilidad. El desempeño global del
grupo estudiado muestra que el desarrollo psicomotor tanto en niños con TEL expresivo
y mixto tiene un rendimiento bajo lo esperado. Finalmente, en cuanto a la relación de
desarrollo psicomotor y tipo de TEL no existe relación significativa entre ambas variables,
por lo tanto, los niños pueden presentar TEL o un retraso en el desarrollo psicomotor,
sin embargo no existe dependencia entre ambos.
Objective: The present investigation has as objective to determine the alterations in the psychomotor development in preschool children that assist to first and second level of transition with diagnosis of Specific Language Impairment (SLI) belonging to the communes of Cerrillos, Quinta Normal, Maipú and Padre Hurtado, which are located in Region Metropolitana, Chile. Procedures: A sample of 143 students was selected, male and female, 4 and 5 years old, with expressive and mixed type of SLI of mild, moderate and severe severity, information that was corroborated in the entry forms of each preschool with previous authorization of the parents and principals of the schools. In addition, there was a certificate of medical evaluation of the specialties of Family Medicine, Pediatrics or Neurology, which indicated that the children were clinically healthy. On the other hand, to verify the absence of hearing loss in the students, an audiometry was performed to exclude anyone with any degree of hearing loss. Later, to determine the psychomotor development of the preschoolers, the researchers applied the "Batelle Development Inventory - Screening Test", which assesses development and diagnostic skills in children up to 8 years of age, without deficiencies and identifies those who present delay in the areas; personal / social, adaptive behavior, cognition, motor and communication, in a time of approximately 20 to 30 minutes. Results: In the area of receptive communication for both types of SLI, they did not present a performance qualified as high in comprehension tasks. Children of 4 and 5 years old for both types of SLI were within normality, only children of 5 years with expressive SLI showed a significantly lower performance in this skill. When it comes to psychomotor development and the severity of SLI, groups of 4 and 5 years with severe SLI showed a poor performance. Regarding the area of gross motor skills, children of 4 and 5 years old showed low performance in this ability. The overall performance of the group studied shows that psychomotor development in children with expressive and mixed SLI has a lower than expected performance. Finally, when we talk about the link between the psychomotor development and the type of SLI there is no significant relationship between both variables, therefore, children can present SLI or a delay in psychomotor development, however there is no dependence between them.
Objective: The present investigation has as objective to determine the alterations in the psychomotor development in preschool children that assist to first and second level of transition with diagnosis of Specific Language Impairment (SLI) belonging to the communes of Cerrillos, Quinta Normal, Maipú and Padre Hurtado, which are located in Region Metropolitana, Chile. Procedures: A sample of 143 students was selected, male and female, 4 and 5 years old, with expressive and mixed type of SLI of mild, moderate and severe severity, information that was corroborated in the entry forms of each preschool with previous authorization of the parents and principals of the schools. In addition, there was a certificate of medical evaluation of the specialties of Family Medicine, Pediatrics or Neurology, which indicated that the children were clinically healthy. On the other hand, to verify the absence of hearing loss in the students, an audiometry was performed to exclude anyone with any degree of hearing loss. Later, to determine the psychomotor development of the preschoolers, the researchers applied the "Batelle Development Inventory - Screening Test", which assesses development and diagnostic skills in children up to 8 years of age, without deficiencies and identifies those who present delay in the areas; personal / social, adaptive behavior, cognition, motor and communication, in a time of approximately 20 to 30 minutes. Results: In the area of receptive communication for both types of SLI, they did not present a performance qualified as high in comprehension tasks. Children of 4 and 5 years old for both types of SLI were within normality, only children of 5 years with expressive SLI showed a significantly lower performance in this skill. When it comes to psychomotor development and the severity of SLI, groups of 4 and 5 years with severe SLI showed a poor performance. Regarding the area of gross motor skills, children of 4 and 5 years old showed low performance in this ability. The overall performance of the group studied shows that psychomotor development in children with expressive and mixed SLI has a lower than expected performance. Finally, when we talk about the link between the psychomotor development and the type of SLI there is no significant relationship between both variables, therefore, children can present SLI or a delay in psychomotor development, however there is no dependence between them.
Notas
Tesis (Fonoaudiólogo)
Palabras clave
Psicomotricidad, Trastornos del Lenguaje en Niños, Retraso del desarrollo psicomotor, Desarrollo del lenguaje