Estrategias de detección de enfermedades de transmisión sanguínea en medicina transfusional: presente y futuro
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Fecha
2008
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es
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Licencia CC
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Resumen
El interés sobre las herramientas de biología molecular aplicables al Banco de Sangre
se hace cada día mas importante ya que como es bien sabido el aumento exponencial de
enfermedades de transmisión sanguínea, en especial del VIH, crea la necesidad de recurrir a
técnicas que minimicen al máximo el riesgo de contraer una infección por vía transfusional. Este
riesgo potencial se puede estimar revisando los registros de las donaciones de sangre, los
procedimientos de tamizaje realizados y la prevalecía de los marcadores en las poblaciones
estudiadas, en este caso de Chile. El hecho de poder estimar el riesgo de transmisión de
infecciones por vía transfusional resulta de gran utilidad para monitorear la seguridad de las
transfusiones sanguíneas y para proveer información que facilite la decisión médica para que un
paciente reciba una transfusión o se utilicen otras alternativas terapéuticas. El tamizaje genómico
de agentes infecciosos, especialmente de virus, se ha hecho posible con el desarrollo de varias
herramientas de biología molecvlar como los test amplificación de ácidos nucleicos (NAT), por
sus siglas en inglés. Estos métodos permiten la detección directa de los organismos con una
sensibilidad varias veces tnayor que los ensayos tradicionales. Además en un futuro cercano se
podría contar con la posibilidad de su implementación en nuestro país como consecuencia del
Proyecto de Centralización de los Bancos de Sangre. También en esta revisión se consideraron
las evaluaciones externas de calidad de NA Ts, ya que, como toda técnica UJtilizada para el
diagnóstico y para la prevención de enfermedades, debe ser rigurosa y constantemente revisada
con el fin de garantizar su total confiabilidad como técnica y también de los profesionales y el
centro donde se procede a su realización.
Everyday the interest on the tools of molecular biology applicable to the Blood Bank is more important, since is known the exponential raise of blood transmitted diseases, especially HIV, creates the need to resort to technologies that minimize to the maximum the risk of contracting an infection by a transfusion. This potential risk of transmission of diseases by a transfusion can be estimated checking the register of blood donations, the screening procedures and the prevalencia of the markers in the studied populations, in this case of Chile. The fact of being able to estímate the risk of transmission of diseases by a transfusion is very usefull for the monitoring of the safety of blood transfusions and to provide information that makes easier the medical decision in order that a patient receives a transfusion or that other therapeutic altematiyes are used. The genomic screening of infectious agents, especially of virus, has been made possigle with the development of several tools of molecular biology as the acids nucleiics amplification test (NA T). These methods allows the direct detection of the organisms with a sensibility several times major that the traditional tests. In addition in a nearby future it might exist 1the possibility of its implementation in our country as consequence of the Project of Banks of Blood Centralization. Also in this review were considered the externa! evaluations of NATs's quality, since, as any technology used for the diagnosis and prevention of diseases, it must be rigorous and constantly checked in order to guarantee its total reliability as technology and also of the professionals and the centre where its realization proceeds.
Everyday the interest on the tools of molecular biology applicable to the Blood Bank is more important, since is known the exponential raise of blood transmitted diseases, especially HIV, creates the need to resort to technologies that minimize to the maximum the risk of contracting an infection by a transfusion. This potential risk of transmission of diseases by a transfusion can be estimated checking the register of blood donations, the screening procedures and the prevalencia of the markers in the studied populations, in this case of Chile. The fact of being able to estímate the risk of transmission of diseases by a transfusion is very usefull for the monitoring of the safety of blood transfusions and to provide information that makes easier the medical decision in order that a patient receives a transfusion or that other therapeutic altematiyes are used. The genomic screening of infectious agents, especially of virus, has been made possigle with the development of several tools of molecular biology as the acids nucleiics amplification test (NA T). These methods allows the direct detection of the organisms with a sensibility several times major that the traditional tests. In addition in a nearby future it might exist 1the possibility of its implementation in our country as consequence of the Project of Banks of Blood Centralization. Also in this review were considered the externa! evaluations of NATs's quality, since, as any technology used for the diagnosis and prevention of diseases, it must be rigorous and constantly checked in order to guarantee its total reliability as technology and also of the professionals and the centre where its realization proceeds.
Notas
Tesis (Tecnólogo Médico)
Palabras clave
Enfermedades Transmisibles, Análisis de Sangre, Chile, Banco de Sangre