Evaluación del potencial impacto geoquímico y ambiental de la industria cementera local en el sector de San Juan de Llolleo y alrededores, comuna de San Antonio, región de Valparaíso, Chile
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2020
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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En las últimas décadas la industria cementera ha sido responsable de generar un gran impacto adverso en distintos componentes del medio ambiente, mediante la emisión de grandes cantidades de polvo en sus distintas fases operacionales. Estas emisiones han sido altamente perjudiciales para la salud de las poblaciones expuestas.
En la comuna de San Antonio en la Región de Valparaíso se encuentra la localidad de San Juan de Llolleo, sector rural agrícola donde existe una planta de producción de cemento en funcionamiento desde agosto del 2009. Sus operaciones dentro de la localidad han causado diversas molestias en la población circundante, acusando un aumento de casos de enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, alergias a la piel, picazón de ojos, irritación a las vías respiratorias y dolores de cabeza desde la instalación de la planta cementera, y que estas enfermedades estarían relacionadas con el polvo sedimentable emitido por la empresa, el cual estaría siendo depositado en la población de San Juan.
Por este motivo, el presente trabajo se desarrolló con el objetivo de evaluar el potencial impacto geoquímico y ambiental de la industria cementera en los alrededores de la planta. Para esto, se recolectaron suelos superficiales y polvo alrededor de la empresa, y se realizaron análisis mineralógicos, medición de pH, difracción de rayos X (XRD) y análisis químicos mediante el microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM-EDS).
Los análisis de pH arrojaron valores de 8-9 alrededor de la molinera de cemento y de 7 hacia el este de la planta. Los análisis de difracción de rayos X, dieron mayoritariamente los minerales presentes en las formaciones geológicas del sector y alrededores (cuarzo, albita, ortoclasa, magnetita, anortita, muscovita, enstatita, hornblenda, oligoclasa) y otros que no se correlacionan con la misma, pero si con minerales de producción del cemento, principalmente gismondina, faujasita-Ca, tobermorita y etringita. El origen de los minerales asociados a la producción del cemento se asocia principalmente a polvo generado como subproducto de la industria del cemento (CKD), a partir de materias primas y aditivos.
Los análisis de SEM indicaron alto contenido sílice, aluminio, hierro y calcio, que a excepción del sílice, estos se encuentran en contenidos más altos que en las rocas del sector y son elementos mayoritarios en la producción del cemento. Por otro lado, se determinó que existen partículas de material particulado sedimentable provenientes de la producción de cemento, de tamaños respirable (20-50μm) que llegan a la población de San Juan, las cuales pueden ser peligrosas para la salud humana. Adicionalmente, en las muestras de polvo sedimentable se identificaron dos minerales de cromo hexavalente el dicromato de potasio (Lopezita) y el cromato de calcio, los cuales para las localidades expuestas pueden llegar a ser cancerígenos.
Se recomienda la realización de análisis elementales para cuantificar los elementos de tamaños respirables que serían potencialmente perjudícales para la salud de la población de San Juan de Llolleo.
In the last decades the cement industry has been responsible for generating adverse impacts on the components of the environment, by emitting large amounts of dust in their different operational phases. These emissions have had serious effects on the health of the exposed population. San Juan de Llolleo, located in the commune of San Antonio in the Valparaíso Region, is a town in a rural agricultural sector where a cement production plant has been in operation since August 2009. Since then, an increase of chronic respiratory diseases, skin allergies, eye irritation, respiratory tract irritation and headaches has been reported by the community, arguing that these could be related to the cement plant particulate matter and dust emissions, which would be being deposited in the town of San Juan. For this reason, the present work was developed with the objective of evaluating the potential geochemical and environmental impact of the cement industry in the surroundings of the cement plant. For this, surface soils and dust were collected around the company, and mineralogical analysis, pH measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) chemical analyzes were carried out. PH analyzes yielded values of 8-9 around the cement mill and 7 east of the plant. The X-ray diffraction analysis, gave mainly the minerals present in the geological formations of the sector and surroundings (quartz, albite, orthoclase, magnetite, anortite, muscovite, enstatite, hornblende, oligoclase) and others that do not correlate with it, but with the production minerals of the cement, mainly gismondine, faujasite-Ca, tobermorite and ettringite. The origin of the minerals associated with the production of cement is mainly with the dust generated as a by-product of the cement industry (CKD), from the processing of raw materials and additives. The SEM analyzes indicated a high content of silica, aluminum, iron and calcium, which, with the exception of silica, are found in higher amounts than the rocks of the area and are major elements in the production of cement. On the other hand, it was determined that there are particles of sedimentable material from cement production, of breathable sizes (20-50μm) that reach the population of San Juan, which can be dangerous for human health. In addition, two hexavalent chromium minerals, potassium dichromate (Lopezite) and calcium chromate (chromatite), were identified in the sedimentable dust samples, which may be carcinogenic for the exposed population. Elemental analyses should be carried out in order to quantify the amounts of trace elements of breathable sizes that would be potentially harmful to the health of the population of San Juan de Llolleo.
In the last decades the cement industry has been responsible for generating adverse impacts on the components of the environment, by emitting large amounts of dust in their different operational phases. These emissions have had serious effects on the health of the exposed population. San Juan de Llolleo, located in the commune of San Antonio in the Valparaíso Region, is a town in a rural agricultural sector where a cement production plant has been in operation since August 2009. Since then, an increase of chronic respiratory diseases, skin allergies, eye irritation, respiratory tract irritation and headaches has been reported by the community, arguing that these could be related to the cement plant particulate matter and dust emissions, which would be being deposited in the town of San Juan. For this reason, the present work was developed with the objective of evaluating the potential geochemical and environmental impact of the cement industry in the surroundings of the cement plant. For this, surface soils and dust were collected around the company, and mineralogical analysis, pH measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) chemical analyzes were carried out. PH analyzes yielded values of 8-9 around the cement mill and 7 east of the plant. The X-ray diffraction analysis, gave mainly the minerals present in the geological formations of the sector and surroundings (quartz, albite, orthoclase, magnetite, anortite, muscovite, enstatite, hornblende, oligoclase) and others that do not correlate with it, but with the production minerals of the cement, mainly gismondine, faujasite-Ca, tobermorite and ettringite. The origin of the minerals associated with the production of cement is mainly with the dust generated as a by-product of the cement industry (CKD), from the processing of raw materials and additives. The SEM analyzes indicated a high content of silica, aluminum, iron and calcium, which, with the exception of silica, are found in higher amounts than the rocks of the area and are major elements in the production of cement. On the other hand, it was determined that there are particles of sedimentable material from cement production, of breathable sizes (20-50μm) that reach the population of San Juan, which can be dangerous for human health. In addition, two hexavalent chromium minerals, potassium dichromate (Lopezite) and calcium chromate (chromatite), were identified in the sedimentable dust samples, which may be carcinogenic for the exposed population. Elemental analyses should be carried out in order to quantify the amounts of trace elements of breathable sizes that would be potentially harmful to the health of the population of San Juan de Llolleo.
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Tesis (Geología)
Palabras clave
Industria del Cemento, Desechos Peligrosos, Impacto Ambiental, Desechos Industriales, Enfermedades Crónicas, Toxicidad