Deterioros en fachadas de hormigón identificados con drones, mediante metodología asequible : criterios para su prevención y reparación
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Fecha
2020
Autores
Profesor/a Guía
Facultad/escuela
Idioma
es
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Universidad Andrés Bello
Nombre de Curso
Licencia CC
Licencia CC
Resumen
El estudio de las patologías que causan lesiones en el hormigón armado es esencial para
el correcto diagnóstico en una inspección inicial, seguido de una efectiva rehabilitación
estructural. Para este trabajo, se realizó un estudio exhaustivo de las patologías en las
fachadas y su desarrollo hasta la lesión, así como también la prevención de su progreso
y la reparación de las zonas comprometidas, con el fin de prolongar la vida útil de la
edificación afectada. En base a él, se tipificaron las lesiones encontradas en las fachadas
de tres edificios distintos, usando como herramienta de inspección un dron quadcopter.
Con él, se aplicaron dos métodos de vuelo y se eligió el más eficiente en tiempo y
rendimiento de batería. Como resultado de las inspecciones, se obtuvieron imágenes
individuales de partes de la fachada, las cuales se unieron generando ortofotografías de
los tres edificios, en base a una metodología de procesamiento de imágenes desarrollada
por el autor, aplicable al software Photoshop. La ortofoto, luego de procesos de
verificación de sus dimensiones se exportó al software de dibujo técnico AutoCAD para
identificar, analizar, tipificar y cuantificar sus niveles de daño según el porcentaje de su
área de extensión, respecto del área total de hormigón. Para las lesiones identificadas,
se entregan recomendaciones de prevención y reparación, y a su vez, indicaciones de
verificación mediante ensayos de laboratorio para la carbonatación e identificación del
tipo de sal para las eflorescencias.
Además, se realizó un análisis económico entre la inspección con andamios arrendados
y la misma alternativa en base a la contratación de un servicio de fotografía con UAV, lo
que corroboró, además de la eficiencia en tiempo de uso, lo económicamente asequible
que es emplear el dron.
El trabajo finaliza con las conclusiones de los datos obtenidos y algunas
recomendaciones para futuros estudios.
The study of the pathologies that cause injuries in reinforced concrete is essential for the correct diagnosis in an initial inspection, followed by effective structural rehabilitation. For this work, a thorough study of the pathologies in the facades and their development until the injury, as well as the prevention of their progress and the repair of the compromised zones, was carried out, in order to prolong the life of the affected building. Based on it, the injuries found on the facades of three different buildings were typified, using a quadcopter drone as an inspection tool. With it, two flight methods were applied and the most time efficient and battery performance was chosen. As a result of the inspections, individual images of parts of the facade were obtained, which were joined by generating orthophotographs of the three buildings, based on an image processing methodology developed by the author, applicable to Photoshop software. The orthophoto, after its dimension verification processes was exported to AutoCAD technical drawing software to identify, analyze, type and quantify its damage levels according to the percentage of its extent area, relative to the total concrete area. For identified lesions, prevention and repair recommendations are provided, and in turn, verification indications through laboratory tests for carbonation and identification of the type of salt for efflorescences. In addition, an economic analysis was carried out between the inspection with leased scaffolding and the same alternative on the basis of the contracting of a photography service with UAV, which corroborated, in addition to the efficiency in time of use, how economically affordable it is to use the drone. The work ends with the conclusions of the data obtained and some recommendations for future studies.
The study of the pathologies that cause injuries in reinforced concrete is essential for the correct diagnosis in an initial inspection, followed by effective structural rehabilitation. For this work, a thorough study of the pathologies in the facades and their development until the injury, as well as the prevention of their progress and the repair of the compromised zones, was carried out, in order to prolong the life of the affected building. Based on it, the injuries found on the facades of three different buildings were typified, using a quadcopter drone as an inspection tool. With it, two flight methods were applied and the most time efficient and battery performance was chosen. As a result of the inspections, individual images of parts of the facade were obtained, which were joined by generating orthophotographs of the three buildings, based on an image processing methodology developed by the author, applicable to Photoshop software. The orthophoto, after its dimension verification processes was exported to AutoCAD technical drawing software to identify, analyze, type and quantify its damage levels according to the percentage of its extent area, relative to the total concrete area. For identified lesions, prevention and repair recommendations are provided, and in turn, verification indications through laboratory tests for carbonation and identification of the type of salt for efflorescences. In addition, an economic analysis was carried out between the inspection with leased scaffolding and the same alternative on the basis of the contracting of a photography service with UAV, which corroborated, in addition to the efficiency in time of use, how economically affordable it is to use the drone. The work ends with the conclusions of the data obtained and some recommendations for future studies.
Notas
Memoria de pregrado (Ingeniero Civil)
Palabras clave
Fachadas, Hormigón Armado, Mantenimiento y Reparación, Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Drones