Repositorio Institucional Académico. Universidad Andrés Bello. Chile

Examinando por Autor "Adell, Aiko D."

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Detection and quantification of sars-cov-2 wastewater treatment plants from different cities in chile; towards to a permanent sentinel surveillance
(Sociedad Chilena de Infectologia, 2022) Olivares-Pacheco, Jorge; Adell, Aiko D.; Hepp, Matias I.; Reis, Andressa S.; Echeverria, César; Ibacache-Quiroga, Claudia; Assmann, Paulina; Gaggero, Aldo
Background: The quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater is a tool that allows determining the trend of viral circulation in a particular geographical area. Aim: To quantify the SARS-CoV-2 virus in 15 wastewater treatment plants in different Chilean cities to establish a comparison with the variables of: I) Active cases per 100,000 inhabitants; ii) daily positivity (novel cases); and iii) phases of the lockdown strategy. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 was concentrated from wastewater samples. To obtain the number of virus genomes per liter, absolute quantification was performed using qRT-PCR. Results: Between January and June 2021, 253 samples were processed, all of which were positive for the presence of the virus. Likewise, it will be determined that the rate of active cases per 100,000 inhabitants is the variable that best fits the trends obtained with the quantification of the viral load in wastewater. Conclusions: The quantification of SARS- CoV-2 in wastewater as a continuous strategy is an efficient tool to determine the trend of the viral circulation in a delimited geographical area and, combined with genomic surveillance, it can constitute an ideal sentinel surveillance alert on future outbreaks. © 2022, Sociedad Chilena de Infectologia. All rights reserved.
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater Associated with Scientific Stations in Antarctica and Possible Risk for Wildlife
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-04) González-Aravena, Marcelo; Galbán-Malagón, Cristóbal; Castro-Nallar, Eduardo; Barriga, Gonzalo P.; Neira, Víctor; Krüger, Lucas; Adell, Aiko D.; Olivares-Pacheco, Jorge
Before December 2020, Antarctica had remained free of COVID-19 cases. The main concern during the pandemic was the limited health facilities available at Antarctic stations to deal with the disease as well as the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Antarctic wildlife through reverse zoonosis. In December 2020, 60 cases emerged in Chilean Antarctic stations, disrupting the summer campaign with ongoing isolation needs. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the wastewater of several scientific stations. In Antarctica, treated wastewater is discharged directly into the seawater. No studies currently address the recovery of infectious virus particles from treated wastewater, but their presence raises the risk of infecting wildlife and initiating new replication cycles. This study highlights the initial virus detection in wastewater from Antarctic stations, identifying viral RNA via RT-qPCR targeting various genomic regions. The virus’s RNA was found in effluent from two wastewater plants at Maxwell Bay and O’Higgins Station on King George Island and the Antarctic Peninsula, respectively. This study explores the potential for the reverse zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to Antarctic wildlife due to the direct release of viral particles into seawater. The implications of such transmission underscore the need for continued vigilance and research.
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater Associated with Scientific Stations in Antarctica and Possible Risk for Wildlife
(MDPI, 2024-04) González-Aravena, Marcelo; Galbán-Malagón, Cristóbal; Castro-Nallar, Eduardo; Barriga, Gonzalo P.; Neira, Víctor; Krüger, Lucas; Adell, Aiko D.; Olivares-Pacheco, Jorge
Before December 2020, Antarctica had remained free of COVID-19 cases. The main concern during the pandemic was the limited health facilities available at Antarctic stations to deal with the disease as well as the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Antarctic wildlife through reverse zoonosis. In December 2020, 60 cases emerged in Chilean Antarctic stations, disrupting the summer campaign with ongoing isolation needs. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the wastewater of several scientific stations. In Antarctica, treated wastewater is discharged directly into the seawater. No studies currently address the recovery of infectious virus particles from treated wastewater, but their presence raises the risk of infecting wildlife and initiating new replication cycles. This study highlights the initial virus detection in wastewater from Antarctic stations, identifying viral RNA via RT-qPCR targeting various genomic regions. The virus’s RNA was found in effluent from two wastewater plants at Maxwell Bay and O’Higgins Station on King George Island and the Antarctic Peninsula, respectively. This study explores the potential for the reverse zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to Antarctic wildlife due to the direct release of viral particles into seawater. The implications of such transmission underscore the need for continued vigilance and research. © 2024 by the authors.
Evidence for the efficacy of pre-harvest agricultural practices in mitigating food-safety risks to fresh produce in North America
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2023) Devarajan, Naresh; Weller, Daniel L.; Jones, Matthew; Adell, Aiko D.; Adhikari, Achyut; Allende, Ana; Arnold, Nicole L.; Baur, Patrick; Beno, Sarah M.; Clements, Donna; Olimpi, Elissa M.; Critzer, Faith; Green, Hyatt; Gorski, Lisa; Ferelli Gruber, Angela; Kovac, Jasna; McGarvey, Jeffery; Murphy, Claire M.; Murphy, Sarah I.; Navarro-Gonzalez, Nora; Owen, Jeb P.; Pires, Alda F. A.; Richard, Nicole; Samaddar, Sandipan; Schmidt, Radomir; Scow, Kate; Shariat, Nikki W.; Smith, Olivia M.; Spence, Austin R.; Stoeckel, Don; Tran, Thao D. H.; Wall, Gretchen; Karp, Daniel S.
Consumption of contaminated produce remains a leading cause of foodborne illness. Increasingly, growers are altering agricultural practices and farm environments to manage food-safety hazards, but these changes often result in substantial economic, social, and environmental costs. Here, we present a comprehensive evidence synthesis evaluating the efficacy of soil, non-crop vegetation, animal, landscape, and irrigation water management strategies aimed at reducing produce-safety risk in North America. We systematically summarized findings from 78 peer-reviewed papers on the effect of 21 management practices on the prevalence, abundance, or survival of four foodborne pathogens (i.e., E. coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., and Campylobacter spp.), resulting in 113 summaries. We then organized a 30-member expert panel, who used these summaries to evaluate the impact of each practice on food-safety outcomes. While more than half of the practices were too understudied to confidently evaluate their impact on food safety, the panel did identify several practices that were associated with reduced preharvest food-safety risks, including not using raw manure, separating crop and livestock production, and choosing low-risk irrigation sources. The panel also identified practices that appear ineffective at reducing food-safety risks, such as the removal of non-crop vegetation. Overall, these findings provide insights into the food-safety impacts of agricultural and land management practices that growers, auditors, and extension personnel can use to co-manage produce preharvest environments for food safety and other aims. Copyright © 2023 Devarajan, Weller, Jones, Adell, Adhikari, Allende, Arnold, Baur, Beno, Clements, Olimpi, Critzer, Green, Gorski, Ferelli Gruber, Kovac, McGarvey, Murphy, Murphy, Navarro-Gonzalez, Owen, Pires, Richard, Samaddar, Schmidt, Scow, Shariat, Smith, Spence, Stoeckel, Tran, Wall and Karp.
Humans and Hoofed Livestock Are the Main Sources of Fecal Contamination of Rivers Used for Crop Irrigation: A Microbial Source Tracking Approach
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2022-06) Díaz Gavidia, Constanza; Barría, Carla; Weller, Daniel L.; Salgado Caxito, Marilia; Estrada, Erika M.; Araya, Aníbal; Vera, Leonardo; Smith, Woutrina; Kim, Minji; Moreno Switt, Andrea I.; Olivares Pacheco, Jorge; Adell, Aiko D.
Freshwater bodies receive waste, feces, and fecal microorganisms from agricultural, urban, and natural activities. In this study, the probable sources of fecal contamination were determined. Also, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) were detected in the two main rivers of central Chile. Surface water samples were collected from 12 sampling sites in the Maipo (n = 8) and Maule Rivers (n = 4) every 3 months, from August 2017 until April 2019. To determine the fecal contamination level, fecal coliforms were quantified using the most probable number (MPN) method and the source of fecal contamination was determined by Microbial Source Tracking (MST) using the Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotyping method. Separately, to determine if antimicrobial resistance bacteria (AMB) were present in the rivers, Escherichia coli and environmental bacteria were isolated, and the antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined. Fecal coliform levels in the Maule and Maipo Rivers ranged between 1 and 130 MPN/100-ml, and 2 and 30,000 MPN/100-ml, respectively. Based on the MST results using Cryptosporidium and Giardia host-specific species, human, cattle, birds, and/or dogs hosts were the probable sources of fecal contamination in both rivers, with human and cattle host-specific species being more frequently detected. Conditional tree analysis indicated that coliform levels were significantly associated with the river system (Maipo versus Maule), land use, and season. Fecal coliform levels were significantly (p < 0.006) higher at urban and agricultural sites than at sites immediately downstream of treatment centers, livestock areas, or natural areas. Three out of eight (37.5%) E. coli isolates presented a multidrug-resistance (MDR) phenotype. Similarly, 6.6% (117/1768) and 5.1% (44/863) of environmental isolates, in Maipo and Maule River showed and MDR phenotype. Efforts to reduce fecal discharge into these rivers should thus focus on agriculture and urban land uses as these areas were contributing the most and more frequently to fecal contamination into the rivers, while human and cattle fecal discharges were identified as the most likely source of this fecal contamination by the MST approach. This information can be used to design better mitigation strategies, thereby reducing the burden of waterborne diseases and AMR in Central Chile. Copyright © 2022 Díaz-Gavidia, Barría, Weller, Salgado-Caxito, Estrada, Araya, Vera, Smith, Kim, Moreno-Switt, Olivares-Pacheco and Adell.
Isolation of Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime-Resistant Enterobacterales From Vegetables and River Water Is Strongly Associated With the Season and the Sample Type
(Frontiers Media S.A, 2021-09) Díaz Gavidia, Constanza; Barría, Carla; Rivas, Lina; García, Patricia; Alvarez, Francisca P.; González Rocha, Gerardo; Opazo Capurro, Andrés; Araos, Rafael; Munita, José M.; Cortes, Sandra; Olivares Pacheco, Jorge; Adell, Aiko D.; Moreno-Switt, Andrea I.
The dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) from water used for crop irrigation to vegetables is poorly studied. During a year, five farmer markets in a city in Central Chile were visited, and 478 vegetable samples (parsleys, corianders, celeries, lettuces, chards, and beets) were collected. Simultaneously, 32 water samples were collected from two rivers which are used to irrigate the vegetables produced in the area. Resistant Enterobacterales were isolated and identified. Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) were molecularly detected. The association of environmental factors was evaluated, with the outcomes being the presence of Enterobacterales resistant to four antibiotic families and the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Parsley, coriander, and celery showed the highest prevalence of resistant Enterobacterales (41.9% for ciprofloxacin and 18.5% for ceftazidime). A total of 155 isolates were obtained, including Escherichia coli (n=109), Citrobacter sp. (n=20), Enterobacter cloacae complex (n=8), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=8), and Klebsiella aerogenes (n=1). Resistance to ampicillin (63.2%) and ciprofloxacin (74.2%) was most frequently found; 34.5% of the isolates showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, and the MDR phenotype represented 51.6% of the isolates. In two E. coli isolates (1.29%), the gene mcr-1 was found and ESBL genes were found in 23/62 isolates (37%), with blaCTX-M being the most frequently found in 20 isolates (32%). Resistant Enterobacterales isolated during the rainy season were less likely to be MDR as compared to the dry season. Understanding environmental associations represent the first step toward an improved understanding of the public health impact of ARB in vegetables and water. © Copyright © 2021 Díaz-Gavidia, Barría, Rivas, García, Alvarez, González-Rocha, Opazo-Capurro, Araos, Munita, Cortes, Olivares-Pacheco, Adell and Moreno-Switt.
Pharmaceutical pollution of the world's rivers
(National Academy of Sciences, 2022-02-22) Wilkinson, John L.; Boxall, Alistair B.A.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Leung, Kenneth M.Y.; Lai, Racliffe W.S.; Galban-Malag, Cristobal; Adell, Aiko D.; Mondon, Julie; Metian, Marc; Marchant, Robert A.; Bouzas-Monroy, Alejandra; Cuni-Sanchez, Aida; Coors, Anja; Carriquiriborde, Pedro; Rojo, Macarena; Gordon, Chris; Cara, Magdalena; Moermond, Monique; Luarte, Thais; Petrosyan, Vahagn; Perikhanyan, Yekaterina; Mahon, Clare S.; McGurk, Christopher J.; Hofmann, Thilo; Kormoker, Tapos; Iniguez, Volga; Guzman-Otazo, Jessica; Tavares, Jean L.; Figueiredo, Francisco Gildasio; Razzolini, Maria T.P.; Dougnon, Victorien; Gbaguidi, Gildas; Traore, Oumar; Blais, Jules M.; Kimpe, Linda E.; Wong, Michelle; Wong, Donald; Ntchantcho, Romaric; Pizarro, Jaime; Ying, Guang-Guo; Chen, Chang-Er; Paez, Martha; Martınez-Lara, Jina; Otamonga, Jean-Paul; Pote, John; Ifo, Suspense A.; Wilson, Penelope; Echeverrıa-Saenz, Silvia; Udikovic-Kolic, Nikolina; Milakovic, Milena; Fatta-Kassinos, Despo; Ioannou-Ttofa, Lida; Belusova, Vladimıra; Vymazal, Jan; Cardenas-Bustamante, Marıa; Kassa, Bayable A.; Garric, Jeanne; Chaumot, Arnaud; Gibba, Peter; Kunchulia, Ilia
Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the world. This makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem from a global perspective. Furthermore, comparison of the existing data, generated for different studies/regions/continents, is challenging due to the vast differences between the analytical methodologies employed. Here, we present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world's rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions. Samples were obtained from 1,052 locations in 104 countries (representing all continents and 36 countries not previously studied for API contamination) and analyzed for 61 APIs. Highest cumulative API concentrations were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and South America. The most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The most frequently detected APIs were carbamazepine, metformin, and caffeine (a compound also arising from lifestyle use), which were detected at over half of the sites monitored. Concentrations of at least one API at 25.7% of the sampling sites were greater than concentrations considered safe for aquatic organisms, or which are of concern in terms of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, pharmaceutical pollution poses a global threat to environmental and human health, as well as to delivery of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Qualitative Risk Assessment for Antimicrobial Resistance among Humans from Salmon Fillet Consumption Due to the High Use of Antibiotics against Bacterial Infections in Farmed Salmon
(MDPI, 2022-05) Salgado-Caxito, Marília; Zimin-Veselkoff, Natalia; Adell, Aiko D.; Olivares-Pacheco, Jorge; Mardones, Fernando O.
Background: Worldwide, aquaculture is considered as a hotspot environment for antimi-crobial resistance (AMR) due to the intense use of antibiotics in its productive systems. Chile is the second largest producer of farmed salmon worldwide, and tons of antibiotics are used to control bacterial diseases, such as Salmon Rickettsial Syndrome (SRS) and Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD). However, studies determining the risk of consuming salmon fillets that have been treated with antibiotics during the salmon production are limited. Consulting leading experts in the field could provide a knowledge base to identify and address this question and research gaps. Methods: Multi-sectoral risk perception of AMR through salmon fillet consumption was evaluated by eliciting expert data obtained through discussions during a workshop and from questionnaires given to experts from academia (n = 15, 63%), the public sector (n = 5, 21%), and the salmon industry (n = 4, 17%). Results: The qualitative risk analysis suggested an overall ‘low’ probability of AMR acquisition by consumption of salmon fillet that had been treated during the production cycle. The risk perception varied slightly between production stages in freshwater and seawater. In consensus with all sectors, this overall ‘low’, but existing, risk was probably associated with bacterial infections and the use of antibiotics. Conclusions: As it is essential to reduce the use of antibiotics in the Chilean salmon industry, this intersectoral approach and consensual results could favor effective implementation of targeted initiatives for the control and prevention of major bacterial diseases. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Examinando por Autor "Adell, Aiko D."

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