Selección y caracterización de levaduras ambientales para el control de Botrytis cinerea en uva de mesa
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2017
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es
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Universidad Andrés Bello
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Licencia CC
Resumen
Botrytis cinerea es un hongo fitopatógeno necrotrófico, responsable de una
enfermedad denominada pudrición gris, que causa pérdidas en más de 1400 especies de
cultivos en todo el mundo. En Chile, B. cinerea es el principal problema de índole
fitopatológico que afecta a la uva de mesa de exportación, causando pérdidas económicas
importantes a nivel de postcosecha. Los métodos de control incluyen prácticas culturales,
productos químicos y control biológico. Los métodos químicos utilizan fungicidas químicos
para controlar la infección, sin embargo, su uso prolongado causa la aparición de cepas
resistentes y efectos secundarios que afectan tanto a la salud de la población como al medio
ambiente. Una alternativa al uso de fungicidas químicos son los agentes de control biológico.
El objetivo de esta Tesis, fue caracterizar levaduras ambientales con acción
biocontroladora sobre B. cinerea en uva de mesa y evaluar el posible mecanismo de acción.
De un total de 19 aislados de levaduras ambientales, tres (858A, UCT138 y 1351A) fueron
seleccionados por su capacidad para crecer a baja temperatura (4°C) e inhibir el crecimiento
de B. cinerea (cepa C-19) en uva de mesa. Estos aislados se identificaron por secuenciación
de la región ITS y correspondieron a Candida railenensis (858AB, UCT138B y 1351A) y
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (858AR, UCT138R). Adicionalmente, se determinó que su
capacidad para inhibir el crecimiento de B. cinerea estaba mediada, principalmente, por la
producción de compuestos orgánicos volátiles. Los compuestos más abundantes producidos
por C. railenensis y R. mucilagenosa fueron 3-metil-2-butanol y 2-metil-l-butanol, mientras
que, en menor abundancia se produjo feniletil alcohol. Por otra parte, los compuestos, 3-
metil-butanal y etil 2 propenil éster, sólo fueron detectados en R. mucilagenosa. Los aislados
caracterizados en esta Tesis son capaces de crecer a baja temperatura, controlar tanto in vitro
como in vivo el crecimiento de B. cinerea mediante la producción de compuestos orgánicos
volátiles, por lo tanto tienen un interesante potencial como agentes de control biológico, para
reducir la pudrición gris causada por B. cinerea en condiciones de postcosecha de uva de
mesa.
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus, causal agent of the gray mold disease, which causes losses in more than 1400 species of crops at worldwide level. In Chile, B. cinerea is the main phytopathogenic problem affecting table grapes exported and causing significant economic losses at postharvest level. The control methods include: cultural practices, chemical compounds and biological control. Chemical methods include, mainly, chemical fungicides to control the infection; however, their prolonged used cause the emergence of resistant strains and side effects that affect both the population health and the environment. An alternative to the chemical fungicides are the biological control agents. The objective of this Thesis was to characterize environmental yeasts with biocontrol activity on B. cinerea in table grapes and to evaluate the possible mechanism of action. From a total of 19 environmental yeast isolates, three (858A, UCT138 y 1351A) were selected for their ability to grow at low temperature (4°C) and to inhibit growth of B. cinerea (strain C-19) on grape table. These isolates were analyzed by sequencing of ITS region and were identified as Candida railenensis (858ÁB, UCT138B and 1351A) and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (858AR, UCT138R). In addition, it was determined that its ability to inhibit the growth of B. cinerea was mainly due to the production of volatile organic compounds. The most abundant compounds produced by C. railenensis and R. mucilagenosa were 3-methyl-2-butanol and 2-methyl-l-butanol, while in less abundance phenylethyl alcohol was produced. On the other hand, the 3-methyl-butanal and ethyl 2-propenyl ester compounds were only detected in R. mucilagenosa. The isolates characterized in this Thesis grow at low temperature and inhibit, both in vitro and in vivo, the growth of B. cinerea because they produce volatile organic compounds. Therefore, these microorganisms have an interesting potential as biological control agents to reduce gray mold caused by B. cinerea, in postharvest conditions for table grapes.
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus, causal agent of the gray mold disease, which causes losses in more than 1400 species of crops at worldwide level. In Chile, B. cinerea is the main phytopathogenic problem affecting table grapes exported and causing significant economic losses at postharvest level. The control methods include: cultural practices, chemical compounds and biological control. Chemical methods include, mainly, chemical fungicides to control the infection; however, their prolonged used cause the emergence of resistant strains and side effects that affect both the population health and the environment. An alternative to the chemical fungicides are the biological control agents. The objective of this Thesis was to characterize environmental yeasts with biocontrol activity on B. cinerea in table grapes and to evaluate the possible mechanism of action. From a total of 19 environmental yeast isolates, three (858A, UCT138 y 1351A) were selected for their ability to grow at low temperature (4°C) and to inhibit growth of B. cinerea (strain C-19) on grape table. These isolates were analyzed by sequencing of ITS region and were identified as Candida railenensis (858ÁB, UCT138B and 1351A) and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (858AR, UCT138R). In addition, it was determined that its ability to inhibit the growth of B. cinerea was mainly due to the production of volatile organic compounds. The most abundant compounds produced by C. railenensis and R. mucilagenosa were 3-methyl-2-butanol and 2-methyl-l-butanol, while in less abundance phenylethyl alcohol was produced. On the other hand, the 3-methyl-butanal and ethyl 2-propenyl ester compounds were only detected in R. mucilagenosa. The isolates characterized in this Thesis grow at low temperature and inhibit, both in vitro and in vivo, the growth of B. cinerea because they produce volatile organic compounds. Therefore, these microorganisms have an interesting potential as biological control agents to reduce gray mold caused by B. cinerea, in postharvest conditions for table grapes.
Notas
Tesis (Bioquímica, Magíster en Bioquímica)
Esta Tesis se realizó en el Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Andrés Bello y fue financiada por el proyecto FONDEF IDEA en 2 etapas ID14I10192.
Esta Tesis se realizó en el Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Andrés Bello y fue financiada por el proyecto FONDEF IDEA en 2 etapas ID14I10192.
Palabras clave
Levaduras, Análisis, Botrytis Cinerea, Uvas, Enfermedades por Hongos, Control Biológico