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A Cross-Sectional Study about the Associations between Physical Activity Level, Self-Perceived Health Perception and Mental Health in Informal Caregivers of Elderly or People with Chronic Conditions in Spain
(MDPI, 2022-05-01) Denche-Zamorano, Ángel; Muñoz-Bermejo, Laura; Carlos-Vivas, Jorge; Mendoza-Muñoz, María; Franco-García, Juan Manuel; Rojo-Ramos, Jorge; Vega-Muñoz, Alejandro; Contreras-Barraza, Nicolás; Barrios-Fernandez, Sabina
Providing informal care for older people, or people with chronic conditions, is associated with poorer physical and mental health and reduced quality of life. This task, in many cases, often relies on the women in the immediate family. Physical activity (PA) is a tool to enhance caregivers’ physical and mental health and their quality of life. Thus, this study aimed to analyse the associations between the physical activity level (PAL), self-perceived health (SPH) and mental health (SM) and its factors (positive coping, self-esteem, and stress) by conducting a cross-sectional study by using data from in the National Health Survey 2017 (ENSE 2017), the last one before the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample included 2225 caregivers (866 men and 1361 women). Descriptive analysis and non-parametric statistical tests, including chi-square, the Kruskal–Wallis test, the Mann–Whitney U test, and the Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient, were used. Dependence relationships were found between PAL and SPH and MH and their factors. The population groups that performed moderate or vigorous PA showed better results in both SPH and MH. Women scored worse than men in all the variables analysed. Hence, intense, or moderate PA practice may improve SPH and MH in Spanish informal caregivers, requiring the implementation of policies and programs considering the differences found between men and women in PAL, SPH, and MH. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
A failure of the market for college education and on-the-job human capital
(2021-10) Balmaceda, Felipe
This paper shows that a competitive labor market fails to provide first-best incentives to invest in general human capital and this has distributive consequences: college students and firms underinvest in human capital, and this is more pronounced for high-skill students with low-income parents. Long-term contracts, together with privately provided wage-contingent loans, cannot restore efficiency and eliminate the distributive consequences of this labor market failure. Government student loans together with firm subsidies to human capital investments fully solve the market failure.
An analysis of the effect of fiscal expenditure on the income distribution of Chilean households
(Springer, 2023-12) Garrido, Nicolas; Morales, Jeffrey
This study analyzes the effect of government spending on income distribution in Chile for 2016 using a multiplier model with the Social Accounting Matrix. The results indicate that increasing fiscal expenditure has a regressive effect on the income share of households in the richest quintile and widens the income gap between the two poorest quintiles and the third and fourth quintiles. When the effect of fiscal expenditure is measured by its nominal impact, households with the highest income receive approximately ten times more income than those with the lowest income. Thus, the regressivity of the income share of the richest households conceals an unequal distribution of the nominal income generated by the fiscal expenditure. Using counterfactual simulations, we suggested that fiscal expenditures could become more equalitarian through policies affecting the distribution of labor payments. © 2023, The Author(s).
An Overview on Nutritional Aspects of Plant-Based Beverages Used as Substitutes for Cow’s Milk
(MDPI, 2021-08) Fructuoso, Isabel; Romão, Bernardo; Han, Heesup; Raposo, António; Ariza-Montes, Antonio; Araya-Castillo, Luis; Puppin Zandonadi, Renata
The presence of milk in meals and products consumed daily is common and at the same time the adoption of a milk-free diet increases due to milk allergy, lactose intolerance, vegan diets, and others. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for plant-based beverages, which present variable and, sometimes, unknown nutritional characteristics. This study sought to com-pare the nutritional aspects of plant-based beverages used as substitutes for cow’s milk described in scientific studies. Therefore, we used a review of the scientific literature on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Patents, Embase, and ScienceDirect databases. The in-clusion criteria were scientific studies referring to plant-based beverage used as an alternative to cow’s milk; published in the English language; present data on the serving size, ingredients, and nutritional composition, containing at least data on energy and macronutrients of plant-based bev-erages. Ingredients and data on energy, macronutrients, and, if available, dietary fiber and some micronutrients of plant-based beverages were collected. Data were obtained from 122 beverages of 22 different matrices, with soy being the most used (27.87%, n = 34). The variation in the amount of nutrients found was 6–183 Kcal/100 mL for energy value; 0.00–22.29 g/100 mL for carbohydrate; 0.06–12.43 g/100 mL for protein; 0.00–19.00 g/100 mL for lipid; 0.00–4.40 g/100 mL for dietary fiber; 0.00–1252.94 mg/100 mL for calcium; 0.04–1.40 mg/100 mL for iron; 0.84–10,178.60 mg/100 mL for magnesium; 0.00–343.43 mg/100 mL for sodium. Salt was the most commonly found added ingredient in plant-based beverages. Some beverages have reached certain amounts of cow’s milk nutrients. However, studies have pointed out differences in their qualities/types. Thus, attention is needed when replacing milk with these alternatives. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Associations between Body Image and Self-Perceived Physical Fitness in Future Spanish Teachers
(MDPI, 2022-05) Rojo-Ramos, Jorge; Gómez-Paniagua, Santiago; Carlos-Vivas, Jorge; Barrios-Fernandez, Sabina; Vega-Muñoz, Alejandro; Mañanas-Iglesias, Carlos; Contreras-Barraza, Nicolás; Adsuar, José Carmelo
Body image is a complex construct related to how each person perceives their own body and how they value it. Physical fitness and physical activity are factors that can influence the perception of a better or worse body image. This study aimed to identify the potential associations between body image and physical fitness self-perception in future Spanish teachers, analysing possible sex-related differences. A total of 278 Spanish university students answered the Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire and the International Fitness Scale, having an average age of 22 years, of which 40% were men and 60% were women. Nonparametric techniques (Spearman’s Rho test) were used as the data did not fit normality. The findings showed associations between body image and perceived physical fitness, confirming differences between the sexes. Correlations were found between the first three dimensions of the Multidimensional Body Self Relations and the International Fitness Scale, with sex-related differences being more significant in women than in men, and between the physical abilities self-assessed by the International Fitness Scale (except flexibility) and the dimensions of the Multidimensional Body Self Relations (except Dimension 4). Since body image influences well-being and conditions the time spent exercising, public health organisations and universities should design supports to improve master students’ body image through physical activity programmes, education and sex-specific individualised attention. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Associations between Physical Activity Level and Mental Health in the Spanish Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
(MDPI, 2022-08) Denche Zamorano, Ángel; Barrios Fernandez, Sabina; Gómez Galán, Rafael; Franco García, Juan Manuel; Carlos Vivas, Jorge; Mendoza Muñoz, María; Rojo Ramos, Jorge; Vega Muñoz, Alejandro; Contreras Barraza, Nicolás; Gianikellis, Konstantinos; Muñoz Bermejo, Laura
Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles appear to be critical factors in developing mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and other diseases in developed societies. This study analysed the associations between physical activity level (PAL) and mental health using the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) in the Spanish population before the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional design, based on data from the Spanish National Health Survey (ENSE 2017), the last health survey before the pandemic, was carried out with 17,641 participants. Data did not follow a normal distribution, so non-parametric tests were used to analyse intergroup differences, differences at baseline and post hoc, and correlations between variables. Associations were found between the PAL, mental health and all its dimensions. The groups that performed moderate and intense PAL showed lower values in the GHQ12 questionnaire than those who walked or were inactive. Thus, higher PAL was associated with better mental health indicators, including successful coping, self-esteem and stress. This study provides a framework to compare outcomes between the pre- and post-pandemic periods, as the ENSE is performed every five years. © 2022 by the authors.
Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Coffee/Caffeine and Sport
(MDPI, 2021-09) Contreras-Barraza, Nicolás; Madrid-Casaca, Héctor; Salazar-Sepúlveda, Guido; Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel Ángel; Adsuar, José C.; Vega-Muñoz, Alejandro
This article provides an empirical overview of coffee/caffeine studies in relation to sport worldwide, an incipient but growing relationship that has existed since 1938, although systematized over time since 1999. The extracted articles were examined using a bibliometric approach based on data from 160 records stored in the Web of Science (JCR) between 1938 and August 2021, applying traditional bibliometric laws and using VOSviewer for data and metadata processing. Among the results, these articles highlight an exponential increase in scientific production in the last two decades, with a concentration in only 12 specific journals, the hegemony of the USA among the co-authorship networks of worldwide relevance, and the thematic and temporal segregation of the concepts under study. This article concludes a high fragmentation of the authors with the highest level of scientific production and an evolution of almost 20 years in relevant thematic topics, and a concurrent concentration in three large blocks: (1) coffee consumption and risk factors, (2) health and coffee consumption, and (3) metabolism and sport correlated with the intake of coffee, which are distanced in time, providing evidence of an evolution that gives way to the irruption of alternative visions in the relationship of coffee and caffeine with sport.
Bibliometric analysis of studies on family firms
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022) Luis Araya-Castillo; Felipe Hernández-Perlines; Cristian Millán-Toledo; Manuel Alejandro Ibarra Cisneros
Several authors have highlighted the importance of family firms in the worldwide generation of wealth, wellbeing, and employment. Recently, the importance of family firms has resulted in the proliferation of many academic works in prestigious journals. Hence, studying their development and evolution is deemed necessary. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of the literature on family firms to show the research trends and guide researchers in their work; it is conducted using a detailed and systematic study of the scientific production of papers on family firms published in the Web of Science (WoS) between 1975 and May 2020. Its contributions are as follows. First, it consolidates family firms as an area of research, which reflects on several papers focusing on this topic (1990 papers published in the WoS database, 55982 total citations). Second, it finds that family firm research has mainly developed in the last few years. Third, it discovers that Kellermanns and Chrisman are the most relevant authors in this field. Fourth, it suggests that the most influential journal is Family Business Review. Fifth, it finds that that the Mississippi State University is the most renowned family firm research institution. Sixth, it discovers that the United States has the highest production in the field. Finally, the bibliometric map identifies four clusters, the most relevant being the family firm theory and its evolution. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Whole Body Electromyostimulation
(MDPI, 2022-08) Rodrigues Santana, Luiz; Adsuar, José Carmelo; Denche Zamorano, Ángel; Vega Muñoz, Alejandro; Salazar Sepúlveda, Guido; Contreras Barraza, Nicolás; Galán Arroyo, Carmen; Louro, Hugo
Whole Body Electromyostimulation [WB-EMS] is a training methodology that applies electrostimulation in the main muscle groups of the human body superimposed with active training exercises. This study aims to carry out a bibliometric analysis on WB-EMS to provide an overview of the state of research and provide new insights for research in the field. Method: One hundred and two citations extracted were examined using a bibliometric approach based on data stored in the Web of Science Core Collection, applying traditional bibliometric laws, and using VOSviewer and excel for data and metadata processing. Results: Among the results, this study points out that Germany is the country that produces more scientific knowledge on WB-EMS. Wolfgang Kemmler is the most relevant author in this field. Moreover, Frontier of Physiology is the journal where the authors publish the most. Conclusion: Research on WB-EMS has been growing in recent years. German and Spanish researchers lead two clusters where most studies and collaborations in this field are carried out. These findings will provide a better understanding of the state of WB-EMS research and may guide the emergence of new lines of investigation and research ideas. © 2022 by the authors.
Bibliometric analysis on ocean literacy studies for marine conservation
(MDPI, 2023-06) Salazar-Sepúlveda, Guido; Vega-Muñoz, Alejandro; Contreras-Barraza, Nicolás; Castillo, Dante; Torres-Alcayaga, Mario; Cornejo-Orellana, Carolina
The aim of this study is to present an overview of the current scientific literature pertaining to ocean literacy. We applied a bibliometric method to examine relational patterns among publications in a set of 192 papers indexed from 2004 to 2023 in Web of Science Core Collection, applying Price’s, Lotka’s, Bradford’s, and Zipf’s bibliometric laws to add more validation to VOSviewer and processing both data and metadata. The findings indicate a significant exponential growth in scientific output from 2004 to 2022 (R2 = 86%), with a substantial amount of scientific research being focused on ocean literacy. The analysis shows the thematic trends of terminologies such as knowledge and citizen perception of climate change in relation to oceans; the benefits of biodiversity management and ocean conservation; and ocean education and its relation to behavior and attitudes towards and awareness of oceans. The research and its theoretical perspectives prompt an investigation of the impacts of ocean literacy outside of education, thanks to the contributions of authors from more than fifty countries dedicated to the study of these activities.
Bibliometric mapping of research trends on financial behavior for sustainability
(MDPI, 2022-01) López-Medina, Tania; Mendoza-ávila, Isabel; Contreras-Barraza, Nicolás; Salazar-Sepúlveda, Guido; Vega-Muñoz, Alejandro
This article presents a global empirical overview of studies on financial behavior in relation to education, money-saving, and consumption, contributing to research on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to social equity in the quality education (4th Sustainable Development Goal) and inequality reduction (10th Sustainable Development Goal) areas. Thus, the data and metadata of 492 articles registered between 1992 and August 2021 were extracted from the Web of Science (Journal Citation Report, JCR) and analyzed with a bibliometric approach, using classical methodological laws and the specialized software VOSviewer. Among the results, we highlight the exponential scientific production growth in the last decades, the concentration in only twelve specific journals indexed in the Journal Citation Report, the global hegemony of US universities in institutional co-authorship networks, and the thematic and temporal segregation of the concepts of financial behavior. We conclude an evolution of two decades in the relevant topics and a concentration in three large blocks: (1) financial education; (2) savings and consumption decisions; (3) financial literacy and investments, which are a temporal evolution that gives for the irruption of diverse visions in the relationship between the evolution of individual financial behavior and the global market. Given it is necessary to know the impact of financial education and financial literacy on personal savings, consumption, and investment behaviors, a larger study on financial behavior could be conducted with this research and an assessment of these results.
Bibliometric Mapping of School Garden Studies: A Thematic Trends Analysis
(MDPI, 2023-03) Castillo, Dante; Vega-Muñoz, Alejandro; Salazar-Sepúlveda, Guido; Contreras-Barraza, Nicolás; Torres-Alcayaga, Mario
This paper analyzes the thematic trends in school garden studies over the past few decades, using a relational bibliometric methodology on a corpus of 392 articles and review articles indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection. The paper seeks to understand how researchers have studied the concept over the last few decades in various disciplines, spanning approximately eighty Web of Science categories. The results show that there is a critical mass of scientific research studying school gardens. The analysis shows the thematic trends in discussion journals, discussion terminology, and consolidates classic papers and some novel authors and papers. The studies and their theoretical trends lead to refocusing the analysis on the effects of school gardens beyond the educational, thanks to the contribution of authors from more than fifty countries engaged in the study of these activities. This work constitutes new challenges for this line of research, raising interdisciplinary research challenges between horticultural, environmental, technological, educational, social, food, nutritional, and health sciences. © 2023 by the authors.
Brand Love: Role of Online Customer Experience, Value Co-creation, and Relationship Quality
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2022) Mustafa, Khurram; Ahmad, Farooq; Qaisar, Muhammad Nawaz; Zada, Shagufta; Jamil, Saqib; Anwer, Naveed; Khawaja, Kausar Fiaz; Vega-Muñoz, Alejandro; Contreras-Barraza, Nicolás; Hamid, Syed Ali Raza; Mariam, Shahida
Customer experience is a source of retailers’ long-term competitive advantage. This study has examined the relationship between online customer experience and brand love through the mechanism of relationship quality in the context of online shopping in Pakistan. The moderating effect of value co-creation on the relationship of online customer experience with relationship quality and brand love has also been examined. Data were collected from a purposive sampling of 189 online customers in an online survey. Results showed that online customer experience significantly impacts customer relationship quality, which leads to brand love. The relationship between online customer experience and relationship quality is found more robust at high levels of value co-creation. However, we observed a significant negative moderating effect of value co-creation on the direct relationship between online customer experience and brand love. It suggests that including customers in the value co-creation process and affording them a pleasurable online shopping experience may be an excellent way to enhance customer relationship quality and brand love. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2022 Mustafa, Ahmad, Qaisar, Zada, Jamil, Anwer, Khawaja, Vega-Muñoz, Contreras-Barraza, Hamid and Mariam.
Bullying and Self-Concept, Factors Affecting the Mental Health of School Adolescents
(MDPI, 2023-08) Galán-Arroyo, Carmen; Gómez-Paniagua, Santiago; Contreras-Barraza, Nicolás; Adsuar, José Carmelo; Olivares, Pedro R.; Rojo-Ramos, Jorge
Bullying is an aggressive and repetitive behavior, where one person or several people physically, socially, or emotionally harm a vulnerable person and provokean imbalance of power in a school setting. Several factors such as age, sex, school performance, psychological factors, and ethnicity have been associated with bullying and more are being sought. Thus, the objectives of this study were as follows: (1) analyze the differences in bullying (victimization and aggression) and self-concept (academic, social, emotional, family, and physical) with respect to sex, school location, and educational level among Spanish adolescents; (2) explore the associations of bullying and self-concept with these sociodemographic dimensions. A cross-sectional study was designed with a total of 1155 participants (between 12 and 18 years old); there were 48.8% boys and 51.2% girls, where 75.9% studied compulsory secondary education (CSE) and 24.1% Baccalaureate, and 31.9% were students from rural schools and 68.1% were from urban schools. Medium and inverse correlations were shown between victimization and self-concept at the general level, for both sexes, both types of school, and both educational stages. For the aggression dimension, the correlations with self-concept were inverse at the general level (low), in girls (low), in rural students (medium), and in compulsory secondary education students (medium). For academic self-concept and family self-concept, the associations were medium and inverse with bullying in all variables. For emotional self-concept the correlation with bullying was direct and medium in all variables; in physical self-concept, the correlations with bullying were inverse in almost all variables except in boys. Self-concept may be a protective factor for bullying and interventions should aim at adolescents building a positive multidimensional self-concept that prevents and protects them from bullying either as aggressor or victim. © 2023 by the authors.
Business strategies in agricultural units to incorporate value chains in new national and international markets: a case study of Colombia
(Elsevier, 2024) Ramírez, R.; Vergara, L.; Rodríguez, L.; Lay, N.; Severino-González, P.; Villalobos, J.; Santamaria, M.
The research recommends business strategies that allow agricultural units to incorporate value chains to reach new national and international markets. Positivist, quantitative, descriptive and transversal methodology, with a population (56) agricultural production units of the department of Atlántico, Caribbean region of Colombia, according to the most recent National Agricultural Census (CNA) prepared by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE, 2014), data analysis was carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics V.22 program. It is concluded that the strategies are of quality, differentiation and efficiency, establishing a vertical and hydroponic agriculture, with competitiveness, quality, organization, capacity development, cooperation, innovation, dimensioned by technological, social, and environmental aspects. The findings show the adoption of new emerging technologies, processes and practices for total product quality, with sustainable emerging trends and knowledge cells to make the constantly evolving agricultural market profitable, providing a differentiating factor.
Capital Structures in Developing Countries: The Latin American case
(UNAM, Facultad de Economía, 2012) Espinosa M., Christian; Maquieira V., Carlos; Vieito, João Paulo; González A., Marcelo
Rajan and Zingales (1995) find that tangibility, growth opportunity, size and performance are the four common determinants for explaining capital structure across G-7 countries. In this study, we consider a sample of 590 firms from Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Peru and the United States (U.S.), to analyze whether the four common determinants also explain the capital structure in the Latin American countries. Moreover, we use a different sample of companies and a large number of years for U.S. firms and we find similar results to those reported by Rajan and Zingales (1995) more than a decade ago. As expected, we report similar results for Chilean firms as the updated results for U.S. firms. The capital structure of Chilean firms is: positively related to tangible assets; negatively related to growth opportunities; positively related to size and negatively related to performance. This is not only true for book leverage but also for market leverage. The rest of Latin American countries show mixed results. In any case, we find two or three determinants to be statistically significant. However, those determinants are not the same when we use book leverage versus market leverage.
Challenges and Strategies for Employee Retention in the Hospitality Industry: A Review
(MDPI, 2022-03) Ghani, B.; Zada, M.; Memon, K.; Ullah, R.; Khattak, A.; Han, H.; Ariza-Montes, A.; Araya-Castillo, L.
Despite the issues that the hospitality industry encounters in retaining talented employees, little attention has been paid to the development of retention strategies, resulting in poor organizational performance and sustainable growth. The current study, therefore, aims to review and discuss the employee retention strategies in the hospitality industry in order to keep talented employees for a longer period of time. The study is based on past literature and peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2020. The databases Web Knowledge, Emerald, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were used to find the relevant papers using the key words such as “Hospitality Industry”, “employee retention”, “employee turnover”, and “employees”. The findings of this study suggest that employee retention is contingent on employee satisfaction, which is comprised of four factors: sustainable positive work environment; sustainable growth opportunities; sustainable & effective communication; and sustainable & effective recruitment and selection practices. The paper contributes to a comprehensive review of the literature on employee retention strategies in the hospitality context. The study proposes a model for the hospitality industry to revamp its recruitment and selection practices in order to retain its employees. Furthermore, the study provides a focused directions that will aid in the establishment of employee retention strategies and practices. It was concluded that satisfied employees are less likely to leave their current job, while unsatisfied employees are expected to leave their current job for a better career opportunity. Managerial implications were also discussed.
Characterising public transport shifting to active and private modes in South American capitals during the COVID-19 pandemic
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-10) Vallejo Borda, Jose Agustin; Giesen, Ricardo; Basnak, Paul; Reyes, José P.; Mella Lira, Beatriz; Beck, Matthew J.; Hensher, David A.; Ortúzar, Juan de Dios
During the year 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic affected mobility around the world, significantly reducing the number of trips by public transport. In this paper, we study its impact in five South American capitals (i.e., Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Lima, Quito and Santiago). A decline in public transport patronage could be very bad news for these cities in the long term, particularly if users change to less sustainable modes, such as cars or motorbikes. Notwithstanding, it could be even beneficial if users selected more sustainable modes, such as active transport (e.g., bicycles and walking). To better understand this phenomenon in the short term, we conducted surveys in these five cities looking for the main explanation for changes from public transport to active and private modes in terms of user perceptions, activity patterns and sociodemographic information. To forecast people's mode shifts in each city, we integrated both objective and subjective information collected in this study using a SEM-MIMIC model. We found five latent variables (i.e., COVID-19 impact, Entities response, Health risk, Life related activities comfort and Subjective well-being), two COVID-19 related attributes (i.e., new cases and deaths), two trip attributes (i.e., cost savings and time), and six socio-demographic attributes (i.e., age, civil status, household characteristics, income level, occupation and gender) influencing the shift from public transport to other modes. Furthermore, both the number of cases and the number of deaths caused by COVID-19 increased the probability of moving from public transport to other modes but, in general, we found a smaller probability of moving to active modes than to private modes. The paper proposes a novel way for understanding geographical and contextual similarities in the pandemic scenario for these metropolises from a transportation perspective. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
Conceptual Model for Retail Distribution in Nanostores: The case of the Southwest of Barranquilla, Colombia
(Elsevier, 2024) López-Gómez, L.; Marriaga-Chamorro, S.; Pirabán-Ramírez, A.; Manosalva-Sandoval, J.; Gonzalez-Holgado, A.; Gatica, G.
This article designs a conceptual model for the procurement and distribution processes in nanostores in the southwest of Barran-quilla, Colombia considering 256 nanostores. The data collection involved identifying the nanostores through a visit to the area and creating a data collection instrument with specific questions covering various variables. As a result of the model, the procurement process comprises stages such as ordering, order processing, preparation and dispatch, distribution, payment, return, and after-sales. The findings show that nanostores primarily use indirect distribution channels, establishing relationships with suppliers and placing orders directly or through sales agents. Based on the research findings, the article suggests implementing digital marketing platforms to facilitate order placement and delivery for nanostore owners, reducing their transportation costs and improving the condition of products received. This study contributes to understanding procurement and distribution dynamics in nanostores, providing valuable insights for nanostore owners, policymakers, and researchers, improving the operations and competitiveness of nanostores, benefiting both the local economy and the broader retail sector.
Contribution of Small-Scale Agroforestry to Local Economic Development and Livelihood Resilience: Evidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Pakistan
(MDPI, 2022-01) Zada, Muhammad; Zada, Shagufta; Ali, Mudassar; Zhang, Yongjun; Begum, Abida; Han, Heesup; Ariza-Montes, Antonio; Araya-Castillo, Luis
Agroforestry plays a vital role in enhancing environmental sustainability, improving local economies, and reducing poverty through livelihood resilience. Several researchers have studied the importance of agroforestry, but little attention has been paid to livelihood resilience and local economic development in developing countries. This study aims to find the role of small-scale agroforestry in local economic development in the Shangla and Swat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Province, Pakistan. In this study, a total of 350 quantitative household surveys, 12 qualitative household case studies, and interviews of experts are used. The ordinary least squares (OLS), linear regression model, household income, wealth index, and five capitals of sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) were used to measure livelihood resilience. Results show several significant findings which may apply on a larger scale and in other cities of Pakistan or other countries. First, it directly shows the association between agroforestry, resilience-building, and local economic development. Second, financial capital can be improved through agroforestry, which can improve other capital assets. Third, small-scale agroforestry brings non-financial benefits such as environmental sustainability, improved living standards, reduced soil erosion, and provided shade. Fourth, irrigation plays a vital role in building livelihood resilience and promoting agroforestry. Lastly, on-farm diversity can be improved through agroforestry. This research discusses several practical implications along with recommendations for future research. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

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